201 terms
Beliefs in society
Functionalists argue religion serves essential functions: creating social cohesion through shared beliefs, providing mor
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Durkheim's groundbreaking work showing religion is fundamentally about creating social solidarity and collective identit
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Bronislaw Malinowski's functionalist theory that religion functions to reduce anxiety in unpredictable situations, enabl
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Marx famously described religion as 'opium of the people' — it provides false comfort and acceptance of exploitation, ma
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Gramsci's neo-Marxist refinement: religion maintains capitalist hegemony (cultural dominance) by winning consent, not ju
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Max Weber's influential thesis that Protestant religious beliefs (especially Calvinism) created cultural values (hard wo
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
The long-term decline in religious belief, practice, and influence in society as rationalisation, science, and modernisa
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Steve Bruce argues secularisation is real and ongoing in modern Britain: declining belief in God, declining church atten
Beliefs in society
Beliefs in society
Grace Davie's theory that religion is not declining but CHANGING: people may not attend churches but still hold religiou
Beliefs in society
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Merton identified five ways people adapt to strain between cultural goals (wealth, success) and institutional means (leg
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cohen argues that working-class boys, failing in middle-class school system, experience status frustration; they create
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cloward & Ohlin developed strain theory, identifying three delinquent subcultures based on access to illegitimate opport
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Marxist criminologist Gordon argues that capitalism itself is criminogenic: it creates conditions that promote crime thr
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Snider argues that corporate crime (fraud, health/safety violations, environmental damage) causes more harm and death th
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Box argues that crime definitions, enforcement, and punishment reflect power: powerful groups define their actions as le
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cicourel's phenomenological study showed that police use mental shortcuts ('typifications') to categorise people as 'cri
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Lemert distinguished primary deviance (occasional rule-breaking without self-identity as deviant) from secondary devianc
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
A master status is a primary identity that overrides others and shapes how people are perceived and treated; being label
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cohen's study of mods and rockers showed how media creates 'folk devils' (scapegoated groups) and 'moral panics' (exagge
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young's concept that media coverage of deviance → public fear → enforcement intensification → deviant groups become more
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Broken windows theory argues that visible signs of disorder and neglect (broken windows, graffiti, litter) signal that r
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Rational choice theory argues that potential offenders calculate costs (punishment risk, effort) and benefits (financial
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Left realism argues crime is real problem for working-class victims; it's caused by relative deprivation and marginalisa
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young's framework identifying four elements creating crime: offenders, victims, informal social control, and formal cont
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young distinguishes relative deprivation (feeling excluded from consumption society despite some resources) from margina
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Heidensohn argues that women are more controlled than men (family, school, media) and these controls prevent criminality
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Messerschmidt argues masculinity is socially constructed; different class and ethnic groups develop different masculine
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Pollak argued that women commit as much crime as men but are treated more leniently by police and courts ('chivalry'), m
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Carlen argues women commit less crime because they accept two 'deals': the class deal (legitimate work, modest income) a
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Phillips & Bowling show that ethnicity and crime are interconnected through policing: minority ethnic groups are over-po
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Hall's study showed how media, police, and politicians constructed 'mugging crisis' in 1970s Britain, blaming young blac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Sutherland defined white-collar crime as crime committed by respectable people in course of their occupations: fraud, em
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Corporate crime (companies breaking laws for profit) and state crime (governments breaking laws) cause immense harm but
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Chambliss showed how state protects powerful interests: organised crime thrives where state allows it (police corruption
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Foucault analysed how modern societies use surveillance (prisons, schools, workplaces) and discipline to control populat
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Garland argues modern crime control has become punitive and security-focused, moving away from rehabilitative ideals; 'c
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Victimology (study of crime victims) has three approaches: positivist (victim characteristics increasing risk), radical
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Christie identified characteristics of 'ideal victim' receiving maximum sympathy: blameless, vulnerable, innocent, attac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crime is an act that violates legal code and can be prosecuted by the state; includes conventional crimes (murder, theft
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Durkheim argued crime serves functions: it maintains social boundaries by showing what society rejects (boundary mainten
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Robert Merton's functionalist theory that crime results from strain between culturally emphasised goals (wealth, success
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Howard Becker's labelling theory: deviance is created through labelling; once labelled, people develop deviant identitie
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Edwin Lemert distinguished primary deviance (isolated deviant acts) from secondary deviance (deviance in response to soc
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stanley Cohen's concept describing how media coverage of deviance, public concern, and increased policing amplify the pe
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stanley Cohen's concept describing media-generated exaggerated fear about certain groups or deviance, often directed at
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Process whereby labelling and social reaction to deviance actually increase the deviant behaviour, creating a self-fulfi
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Critical approach to crime that takes crime seriously (especially impact on poor and marginalised) while rejecting biolo
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Conservative approach to crime focusing on deterrence and punishment; argues rational choice theory explains crime, blam
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Feeling of deprivation not from absolute poverty but from experiencing less than others, creating grievance and potentia
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crime patterns show significant gender differences: men commit more crime (especially violent crime) and comprise 95% of
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Official crime statistics show higher crime rates for some ethnic minorities, but these statistics reflect policing prac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
The 1999 Macpherson inquiry into Stephen Lawrence murder found institutional racism in police; it defined institutional
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Police power to search people and vehicles without warrant; statistics show massive racial disparity with ethnic minorit
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stuart Hall's study of 1970s mugging panic, showing how media and police created racial panic about black youth crime, i
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crimes against environment: pollution, wildlife trafficking, deforestation, corporate environmental damage; often unpros
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crimes committed by states or state institutions: political repression, torture, war crimes, genocide, often unprosecute
Crime and deviance
Education with theory and methods
Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a founding functionalist sociologist who analysed how social institutions (religion, educ
Education
Education with theory and methods
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) extended Durkheim's functionalism by developing the AGIL scheme (Adaptation, Goal-attainment
Education
Education with theory and methods
Functionalists argue education serves essential functions: transmitting shared values (creating collective conscience),
Education
Education with theory and methods
Marxists argue education serves capitalist interests by reproducing class relations, creating false consciousness, and p
Education
Education with theory and methods
Bowles & Gintis' concept that school hierarchies, norms, and reward systems correspond to and prepare students for workp
Education
Education with theory and methods
Parsons' concept that education functionally sorts individuals into different roles and positions in society based on ab
Education
Education with theory and methods
Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis are Marxist sociologists who analysed how education reproduces capitalist class relatio
Education
Education with theory and methods
Louis Althusser was a neo-Marxist who identified education as an ideological state apparatus (ISA) that maintains capita
Education
Education with theory and methods
Howard Becker's interactionist perspective arguing that deviance is created by labelling: applying a stigmatised label t
Education
Education with theory and methods
A process where a belief about someone causes them to behave in ways that confirm that belief, making it true through so
Education
Education with theory and methods
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted the famous Pygmalion study showing that teacher expectations create self-
Education
Education with theory and methods
Howard Becker is a symbolic interactionist who developed labelling theory, arguing that deviance is created through labe
Education
Education with theory and methods
Streaming groups students of similar ability across all subjects; setting groups students by ability within individual s
Education
Education with theory and methods
Theoretical perspective arguing that working-class and ethnic minority students underachieve because their home culture
Education
Education with theory and methods
Lack of economic resources affecting educational outcomes: poverty prevents access to books, tutoring, technology, nutri
Education
Education with theory and methods
Basil Bernstein's theory that working-class and middle-class families use different language codes: restricted code (con
Education
Education with theory and methods
Pierre Bourdieu's concept describing culturally valued knowledge, qualifications, language, and behaviours that advantag
Education
Education with theory and methods
Pierre Bourdieu was a French sociologist who developed concepts of cultural capital, habitus, and field to explain how i
Education
Education with theory and methods
Educational programmes (like Head Start, Sure Start) designed to compensate for supposed 'cultural deprivation' by provi
Education
Education with theory and methods
Paul Willis' ethnographic study of working-class 'lads' in a secondary modern school, showing how they consciously resis
Education
Education with theory and methods
Mairtin Mac an Ghaill's study of masculinities in secondary school, showing how different ethnic and class groups develo
Education
Education with theory and methods
Ray Rist's ethnographic study showing teachers use typifications (stereotypes) based on appearance, class, and race to c
Education
Education with theory and methods
Persistent inequality in educational attainment between social classes, with middle-class students consistently outperfo
Education
Education with theory and methods
Student groups developing shared values and behaviours that may conflict with school culture, affecting educational outc
Education
Education with theory and methods
Teacher expectations affect student achievement through labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy: expectations shape class
Education
Education with theory and methods
Gillborn & Youdell's study showing how school practices (setting, target-setting, discipline) disadvantage ethnic minori
Education
Education with theory and methods
Educational attainment varies by ethnicity, with students from some ethnic minority backgrounds outperforming white majo
Education
Education with theory and methods
A curriculum centred on white/Western perspectives, culture, history, and knowledge, marginalising or excluding perspect
Education
Education with theory and methods
Research showing girls now outperform boys at GCSE and A-level in most subjects, a reversal from the 1970s-80s when boys
Education
Education with theory and methods
The shift from manufacturing-based economy (employing men) to service/knowledge economy (employing women and increasingl
Education
Education with theory and methods
Changes in assessment methods (increased coursework, group work, communication assessment) have been shown to advantage
Education
Families and households
Murdock identified four universal functions of the family: sexual regulation, reproduction, economic production and cons
Families and households
Families and households
Parsons' concept that the family, especially the wife, provides emotional support and relaxation (the 'warm bath') for s
Families and households
Families and households
Parsons' concept that the family stabilises adult personalities by providing a refuge from the competitive, impersonal d
Families and households
Families and households
Marxist theory by Zaretsky that the family provides emotional compensation and escapism for capitalist exploitation, fun
Families and households
Families and households
Engels' historical materialist analysis that the family, particularly monogamy, arose with private property to enable pa
Families and households
Families and households
Oakley challenged the sex/gender distinction accepted by functionalists, arguing that gender roles (feminine/masculine)
Families and households
Families and households
Duncombe & Marsden's concept that many women perform a triple shift: paid work, housework, and emotional labour (managin
Families and households
Families and households
Edgell's research found that despite claims of egalitarian relationships, major family decisions (house moves, finances)
Families and households
Families and households
Young & Willmott's optimistic theory that modern families are becoming 'symmetrical': both partners contribute to housew
Families and households
Families and households
The roles and responsibilities of married or cohabiting partners in a relationship. Conjugal roles can be segregated (se
Families and households
Families and households
Radical feminism argues that the family is a patriarchal institution fundamentally oppressive to women, serving male int
Families and households
Families and households
Difference feminism (hooks, Somerville) argues that femininity and family relationships contain valuable qualities (cari
Families and households
Families and households
Rapoport identified five dimensions of family diversity: organisational (nuclear, extended, lone parent), cultural (diff
Families and households
Families and households
Chester's term for the modern family structure where both partners work but maintain gender divisions, with men still br
Families and households
Families and households
New Right theorist Murray argues that welfare state policies have undermined the traditional family by making lone mothe
Families and households
Families and households
New Right and conservative sociology apply underclass theory to family, arguing family breakdown (lone motherhood, cohab
Families and households
Families and households
The concept that childhood is not a natural, universal stage of life but socially constructed; different societies and h
Families and households
Families and households
Ariès' historical analysis showing that childhood (as a distinct, protected life stage) is a modern invention; in mediev
Families and households
Families and households
Postman's argument that modern media (television, internet) expose children to adult information and values, eroding the
Families and households
Families and households
Two opposing views: March of Progress sees childhood development from Victorian exploitation to modern protection as gen
Families and households
Families and households
Birth rates (number of live births per 1,000 population) and death rates (deaths per 1,000 population) have changed dram
Families and households
Families and households
UK population is ageing due to declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy; median age has risen from 34 (1970)
Families and households
Families and households
Net migration (more people entering than leaving) has increased UK family diversity through immigrant families with diff
Families and households
Families and households
Globalisation creates transnational families separated across countries by migration, work, or conflict. Family members
Families and households
Families and households
Beanpole families are vertically extended (spanning multiple generations) but horizontally narrow (few siblings/cousins)
Families and households
Families and households
Smart's concept that sociology should focus on personal relationships and the meanings people create in intimate life, r
Families and households
Families and households
Beck argues that late modernity creates individualisation: people are freed from fixed social roles and identities (fami
Families and households
Families and households
Dobash & Dobash's feminist research showing that domestic violence is not random or exceptional but systematic, gendered
Families and households
Families and households
Wilkinson argues that male stress from poverty, unemployment, and relative deprivation increases domestic violence risk,
Families and households
Families and households
Mirrlees-Black's British Crime Survey research revealed domestic violence is far more common than reported: approximatel
Families and households
Families and households
Eli Zaretsky is a neo-Marxist theorist who analysed the family as site where capitalism reproduces itself and patriarchy
Families and households
Families and households
Friedrich Engels' Marxist analysis of family as economic institution that arose with private property and class systems,
Families and households
Families and households
Parsons described family gender roles as natural and functional: instrumental role (breadwinner, external tasks, male) a
Families and households
Families and households
Contemporary families are increasingly diverse: nuclear, extended, single-parent, blended, same-sex, chosen families, no
Families and households
Families and households
Dramatic rise in divorce rates and remarriage creating blended families and changing family experience, though remaining
Families and households
Families and households
Childhood is socially constructed, not natural stage: its length, activities, protections, expectations vary across cult
Families and households
Methods in context and research methods
Content analysis systematically analyses text/media content (counting themes, categories). Semiotics analyses meaning: s
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Longitudinal studies follow same participants over time (months, years, decades), showing change and causation. Examples
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Feminist methodology critiques positivist/objective approaches as masculine; advocates reflexivity, participatory resear
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Triangulation uses multiple methods/data sources to study same phenomenon; methodological pluralism combines qualitative
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Hard statistics (births, deaths, crime, unemployment) are based on recorded events; soft statistics (attitudes, health-s
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Documents (diaries, letters, government reports, laws) are data revealing time periods, values, relationships. Scott's c
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Quantitative research method using written questions (structured and standardised) given to respondents in postal, onlin
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Quantitative method using pre-written, standardised questions in a set order, enabling data to be compared across respon
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Qualitative method using open-ended questions and flexible questioning to explore respondents' meanings, experiences, an
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Qualitative ethnographic method where researcher observes a group from inside the group (overt or covert), participating
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Research methods producing numerical data suitable for statistical analysis: questionnaires, structured interviews, offi
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Research methods producing word-based data emphasising meanings and understandings: unstructured interviews, participant
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Quantitative data collected by government and organisations (crime statistics, census data, school performance tables, e
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Techniques for selecting respondents from a population, including random, stratified, quota, snowball, opportunity, and
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Philosophical approach to sociology asserting that society operates by discoverable laws (like natural sciences), that s
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Philosophical approach to sociology asserting that social reality is constructed through human meanings and interpretati
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
The extent to which research findings would be the same if the study were repeated with the same methods; a measure of c
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
The extent to which research actually measures what it claims to measure and whether findings accurately represent socia
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
The extent to which a research sample reflects the characteristics of the whole population, enabling findings to be gene
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
The extent to which research findings from a sample can be applied to the broader population or to other similar context
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Quantitative or qualitative method systematically analysing content (media, documents, texts) for themes, representation
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
In-depth qualitative study of single case (person, school, community) enabling detailed understanding but limited genera
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Qualitative method involving in-depth interviewing tracing person's life experiences chronologically, providing understa
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Qualitative method using guided group discussion to explore attitudes, experiences, and generate rich data through group
Research methods
Methods in context and research methods
Using multiple methods (triangulation) or multiple researchers or multiple data sources to increase validity and overcom
Research methods
Sociological theory and methods
Parsons' AGIL identifies four functional requirements of social systems: Adaptation (relating to environment), Goal-atta
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Merton distinguished manifest functions (intended, recognised consequences of social practice) from latent functions (un
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Marx's concept that modes of production (feudalism, capitalism) are structured by forces of production (technology, labo
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Althusser distinguished repressive state apparatuses (RSAs: police, military, prisons — use force) from ideological stat
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Giddens' theory that structure and agency are dually constitutive: social structures shape actions, but human agency rep
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Beck argues late modernity creates 'risk society': manufactured risks (environmental, technological) replace natural ris
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Lyotard defines postmodernity as disbelief in 'metanarratives' (grand theories claiming universal truth): Enlightenment
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Mead's theory that self is constructed through interaction: the 'I' is spontaneous, creative self; the 'Me' is self as u
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Blumer identified three premises: (1) people act based on meanings, (2) meanings arise from interaction, (3) meanings ar
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Goffman analysed social interaction as theatrical performance: people manage impressions (present 'front' self), maintai
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Phenomenology studies how people construct meaningful reality through everyday knowledge. Schutz argued people use pract
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Ethnomethodology (Garfinkel) studies methods people use to make social world orderly. Breaching experiments deliberately
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Central debate: are people shaped by social structures (determinism) or do they have freedom to act independently (volun
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Micro sociology studies small-scale interaction (face-to-face); macro sociology studies large-scale structures (organisa
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Consensus perspective assumes society is based on shared values and agreement; conflict perspective assumes society is b
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Modernity: belief in progress, grand narratives, rationality, stable identities, meta-narratives. Postmodernity: sceptic
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
A macro structural theory that views society as an integrated system where each institution serves essential functions t
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
A conflict theory proposing that society is divided into classes based on control of economic production (base). The sup
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Durkheim's concept describing the shared beliefs, values, and moral norms that bind members of a society together and cr
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Discrimination built into organisations' structures, policies, and practices that disadvantage ethnic minorities regardl
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Liberal feminism seeks equality within existing systems through legal and political reform, equal opportunities, and dis
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Marxist feminism argues women's oppression is rooted in capitalism: women's unpaid domestic labour serves capitalists, a
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Radical feminism argues women's oppression is fundamental and caused by patriarchy (male dominance in all institutions);
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Postmodern/difference feminism rejects universal 'woman' category, emphasising diversity of women's experiences across c
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Theoretical approach (Mead, Blumer, Goffman) focusing on how individuals create meaning through interaction, self develo
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Erving Goffman used theatrical metaphor to analyse interaction: people perform identities in different settings (front s
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Max Weber's sociological approach emphasising verstehen (understanding) social action from actors' perspectives and iden
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Central sociological debate: do social structures (systems, institutions, inequality) determine behaviour (structuralism
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Anthony Giddens' theory that structure and agency are interdependent: structures enable and constrain action, but action
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Two major theoretical approaches: consensus theories (functionalism) emphasise shared values holding society together; c
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Modernity (industrial, rational, unified) vs postmodernity (fragmented, plural, anti-foundational): contrasting characte
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Debate about whether sociology can/should be objective: positivists argue for value-free science; interpretivists argue
Theory and methods
Sociological theory and methods
Weber's concept that modern society increasingly emphasises instrumental rationality (efficiency, calculation), replacin
Theory and methods
The media
Curran & Seaton argue that media owners wield enormous power over public opinion but have minimal accountability or resp
The media
The media
Pluralists argue media is diverse, competing outlets serve different audiences, ownership is dispersed; neo-Marxists arg
The media
The media
Galtung & Ruge and Jewkes identified 'news values' (criteria for deeming events newsworthy): novelty, proximity, impact,
The media
The media
Early media effects theory proposing media messages are injected directly into passive audiences, influencing thoughts a
The media
The media
Blumler & Katz argue audiences actively use media to meet needs: entertainment, information, social connection, identity
The media
The media
Lazarsfeld found media messages don't flow directly to audiences but through 'opinion leaders' (influential community me
The media
The media
Hall argued media texts are 'encoded' with preferred meanings by producers but 'decoded' actively by audiences in variou
The media
The media
Media typically represents women through male gaze (objectified, sexualised) and men as active/powerful; these represent
The media
The media
Hall argued media stereotypes ethnic minorities as dangerous, deviant, or exotic; Van Dijk showed media overrepresents c
The media
The media
Digital divide refers to inequalities in internet/technology access and use. First order: unequal hardware/internet acce
The media
The media
Citizen journalism: non-professionals report news through social media, blogs, YouTube. Participatory culture: audiences
The media
The media
New media collects vast data on users (browsing, purchases, location, preferences); this enables targeted advertising bu
The media
The media
Baudrillard argues postmodern media has replaced reality with 'simulacra' (copies without originals) and 'hyperreality'
The media
The media
Media selection and portrayal of social groups (gender, ethnicity, class, age) in news, entertainment, and advertising;
The media
The media
Criteria journalists use to select stories (newsworthiness): conflict, drama, impact, celebrity, negativity, proximity,
The media
The media
Concentration of media ownership in few large corporations (Murdoch, Comcast, Disney) creates concerns about editorial c
The media
The media
Global media corporations spread Western (especially American) culture and perspectives worldwide; raises concerns about
The media
The media
Early media effects theory suggesting media messages are directly injected into audiences' minds, making passive audienc
The media
The media
Theory that audiences actively use media to gratify needs: social contact (feeling part of community), entertainment, in
The media
The media
Postmodern perspective argues media creates simulated reality (hyperreality) through images and signs; traditional notio
The media