Wilson & Kelling's broken windows theory
Broken windows theory argues that visible signs of disorder and neglect (broken windows, graffiti, litter) signal that rules aren't enforced, encouraging more serious crime and anti-social behaviour.
Real World
New York City's 1990s 'zero tolerance' policing under Mayor Giuliani applied broken windows theory by cracking down on subway fare-dodging and graffiti — crime rates fell sharply, though critics dispute whether policing or wider social change caused the drop.
Exam Focus
For 'evaluate' questions, counter broken windows by citing displacement — crime moves, not disappears — and over-policing of minorities.
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