Labelling theory
Howard Becker's interactionist perspective arguing that deviance is created by labelling: applying a stigmatised label to someone causes them to internalise that identity and behave accordingly (self-fulfilling prophecy).
Real World
When police disproportionately stop and search young Black men in London, those repeatedly targeted may internalise a 'criminal' identity, illustrating how the label — not the individual — drives future behaviour.
Exam Focus
Always distinguish primary deviance (the act) from secondary deviance (caused by labelling) to access full marks.
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