Institutional racism
Discrimination built into organisations' structures, policies, and practices that disadvantage ethnic minorities regardless of whether individual staff hold racist beliefs.
Real World
The 1999 Macpherson Report into the Metropolitan Police's handling of Stephen Lawrence's murder concluded the force was 'institutionally racist,' with systemic failures in investigation not attributable to any single officer.
Exam Focus
Always name Macpherson and Stephen Lawrence when answering on institutional racism — examiners reward precise real-world application.
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