Lemert's primary and secondary deviance
Lemert distinguished primary deviance (occasional rule-breaking without self-identity as deviant) from secondary deviance (internalising deviant label and building identity and behaviour around it).
Real World
A teenager caught shoplifting once (primary deviance) may shrug it off; if they are formally arrested, labelled a 'young offender', and placed in a youth offending programme, they may begin to identify as criminal and reoffend — secondary deviance taking hold.
Exam Focus
Always define both terms before applying them; many students lose marks by discussing only secondary deviance and ignoring the primary/secondary distinction.
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