Pupil subcultures
Student groups developing shared values and behaviours that may conflict with school culture, affecting educational outcomes and social relationships.
Real World
In many UK secondary schools, students in lower sets develop informal anti-school groups that mirror Willis's 'lads,' valuing peer status and humour over homework, while top-set students form study groups and compete for predicted grades.
Exam Focus
Name specific studies — Willis, Mac an Ghaill, Sewell — when discussing subcultures; generic claims without named sociologists lose application marks.
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