Messerschmidt's masculinities and crime
Messerschmidt argues masculinity is socially constructed; different class and ethnic groups develop different masculine identities, some involving crime as proof of manliness.
Real World
Research into gang culture in cities like Manchester and Birmingham shows that young working-class men use street violence and territorial control to perform a 'protest masculinity' when legitimate routes to status through employment are blocked.
Exam Focus
Distinguish hegemonic from subordinate masculinity in longer answers — examiners reward precise use of Messerschmidt's own terminology.
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