Gillborn & Youdell — Institutional racism
Gillborn & Youdell's study showing how school practices (setting, target-setting, discipline) disadvantage ethnic minority students, particularly African Caribbean and Pakistani students, despite policies aimed at equality.
Real World
Gillborn & Youdell found that London secondary schools channelled Black Caribbean pupils away from higher-tier GCSE entries to protect league table scores, effectively rationing education by race under the guise of 'target-setting'.
Exam Focus
Emphasise that institutional racism operates through supposedly neutral policies — examiners reward candidates who distinguish this from individual prejudice.
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