210 terms
Language and occupation, child language development
Unplanned speech produced in real-time without preparation. Spontaneous speech contains features like fillers, false sta
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A sound or word (um, uh, er, like, you know) used in spontaneous speech to fill pauses while the speaker thinks. Fillers
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The initiation of an utterance that is abandoned before completion, typically restarted with a different formulation. Fa
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A pause or delay in speech, often accompanied by fillers or prolongation of sounds, indicating the speaker is planning t
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Disruptions in the smooth flow of speech including fillers, hesitations, false starts, and repairs. Non-fluency features
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Non-vocal aspects of speech including facial expressions, gestures, body position, and eye contact that communicate mean
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Speech that is prepared in advance, resulting in more polished, structured, and fluent delivery with fewer spontaneous f
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The specialized language used within particular professions or occupations, including jargon, terminology, and communica
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Specialized vocabulary or terminology associated with particular fields, professions, or domains of knowledge. Specialis
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Specialized vocabulary or expressions used within a particular profession or social group that can be obscure to outside
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The language and communicative conventions of particular professions. Professional discourse includes occupational langu
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
How language use reflects, creates, and maintains power relationships between people. Powerful speakers control language
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Communication using computer technology including email, instant messaging, social media, forums, and video calls. CMC h
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The linguistic variety used in text messaging, characterised by abbreviations, initialisms, and abbreviations adapted fo
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The linguistic variety used on social media platforms including tweets, posts, comments, and stories. Social media langu
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The language used in internet communication including abbreviations, acronyms, emoticons, and adapted spellings. Netspea
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Communication that combines multiple modes of meaning-making: written text, images, sound, video, gesture, and layout. M
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The pre-verbal vocal production of vowel-like sounds by infants (typically 2-4 months), representing the beginning of li
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The vocal play of infants (typically 4-10 months) producing consonant-vowel combinations. Babbling is a crucial stage in
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The stage of early language development (typically 8-18 months) where children produce single words that express complex
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The stage of language development (typically 18-24 months) where children begin combining two words to express more comp
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The stage of language development (typically 2-3 years) where children use short utterances containing primarily content
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The stage of language development (typically 3+ years) where children move beyond telegraphic speech, adding function wo
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The developmental process by which children acquire the ability to produce and distinguish the phonemes of their native
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A systematic sound change pattern that children use to simplify adult pronunciation. Common processes include deletion,
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A lexical development error where children apply a word to a wider range of referents than is appropriate in adult langu
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A lexical development pattern where children restrict a word to a narrower range of referents than is appropriate in adu
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The expansion of a child's vocabulary from first words through early childhood. Vocabulary growth rates are rapid and fo
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A grammatical development error where children apply grammatical rules too broadly, producing forms like 'goed' and 'mou
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A set of 14 grammatical morphemes identified by Roger Brown as being acquired in a relatively consistent order during ea
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Mean Length of Utterance, a measure of grammatical development calculated as the average number of morphemes per utteran
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The developmental progression in how children express negation, typically moving from simple negation at sentence bounda
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The developmental progression in how children learn to form questions, moving from simple intonation questions to invert
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
The development of children's ability to use language appropriately in social contexts, including turn-taking, politenes
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
B.F. Skinner's theoretical approach to language acquisition emphasising environmental factors and reinforcement. Skinner
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Noam Chomsky's theoretical approach proposing that language acquisition is driven by innate biological capacities, parti
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Language Acquisition Device, Chomsky's hypothetical innate mental mechanism that enables children to acquire language ra
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Jerome Bruner's theoretical approach emphasising the interactive, social nature of language acquisition, including the r
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Language Acquisition Support System, Bruner's concept of the structured support and scaffolding that caregivers provide
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Michael Tomasello's theoretical approach emphasising that language acquisition is driven by children's ability to unders
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Jeanne Chall's theoretical framework describing stages children progress through in learning to read, from pre-reading t
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Barry Kroll's theoretical framework describing stages children progress through in learning to write, from pre-writing t
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
A method of teaching reading by systematically teaching relationships between letters and sounds. Phonics instruction he
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Beverly Rothery's identification of text genres used in school literacy instruction, including narratives, procedurals,
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
An approach to analysing discourse that examines how language reflects, maintains, and creates power relationships and s
Language in action
Language and occupation, child language development
Research methodologies for investigating language including observation, interviews, surveys, corpus analysis, and exper
Language in action
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A language variety characterised by simpler sentence structures, more concrete vocabulary, and shared assumptions. Restr
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A language variety characterised by complex sentence structures, more abstract vocabulary, and explicit meanings. Elabor
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
William Labov's sociolinguistic study examining pronunciation of the /r/ sound in different social contexts and class gr
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
How occupational groups develop distinctive language varieties including specialised vocabulary and discourse convention
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
How language use varies across age groups, including differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and attitudes to
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A language variety distinguished by systematic differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Dialects differ fr
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A boundary line on a map showing where a particular linguistic feature changes. Isoglosses reveal dialect boundaries.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process by which distinct dialects become more similar, reducing linguistic differences between regions or groups.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A relatively new accent/dialect emerging in South East England, particularly the Thames Estuary region, blending feature
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A distinctive variety emerging in London, influenced by contact between English and other languages brought by immigrant
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A simplified language that develops when speakers of different languages need to communicate, based on elements from mul
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A language that develops when a pidgin is nativised (becomes the first language of a community) and undergoes expansion
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Robin Lakoff's early theory proposing that women's language was characterised by features suggesting lack of confidence
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Deborah Tannen's theory proposing that men and women have different but equally valid communication styles reflecting di
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A sociolinguistic approach proposing that gender differences in language reflect and maintain male dominance and female
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
William O'Barr and Bowman Atkins's research showing that language features attributed to women were actually markers of
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Deborah Cameron's feminist critique of gender and language research, arguing that binary gender frameworks are oversimpl
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The alternation between two or more languages or varieties within a single conversation or utterance. Code-switching is
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The variety of English languages that have developed globally, recognising that English has multiple centres and varieti
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Braj Kachru's model describing English speakers globally in three concentric circles: inner circle (native speakers), ou
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The earliest form of English, spoken in England from approximately the 5th to 11th centuries, with extensive inflections
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The form of English spoken from approximately the 11th to 15th centuries, showing major changes from Old English includi
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The form of English spoken from approximately the 15th to 17th centuries, showing relatively modern grammatical structur
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The form of English from approximately the 18th century to early 20th century, with grammar and pronunciation approachin
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process of establishing and maintaining a standard variety of a language, typically through institutions, education,
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
William Caxton's introduction of printing to England (1476) and his role in standardising English spelling and grammar t
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Samuel Johnson's comprehensive dictionary (1755) establishing English vocabulary and attempting to standardise and codif
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A newly created word or expression, or an existing word given a new meaning. Neologisms represent lexical innovation in
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The adoption of words from other languages into English. Borrowing reflects language contact and cultural influence.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The combination of two or more words to create a new word. Compounding is a major process of word formation creating neo
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A word formation process combining parts of two words to create a new word. Blending creates portmanteau words.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A word formation process that shortens an existing word, using part of the original as the new word. Clipping creates sh
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A word formation process where a word changes word class without adding morphological markers. Conversion creates new wo
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A word formation process creating a new word by removing what appears to be an affix from an existing word. Back-formati
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
An abbreviation formed from initial letters of words and pronounced as a word (e.g., NASA, radar). Acronyms create new w
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
An abbreviation formed from initial letters of words and pronounced letter by letter (e.g., BBC, FBI). Initialisms are d
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A word derived from a person's name. Eponyms show how proper nouns become common words through association.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process by which a word's meaning becomes more positive or prestigious over time. Amelioration shows how word meanin
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process by which a word's meaning becomes more negative over time. Pejoration shows how word meanings decline.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process by which a word's meaning becomes wider or more general over time. Broadening makes words apply to more cont
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The process by which a word's meaning becomes more specific or restricted over time. Narrowing makes words apply to fewe
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Changes in grammar over time, including loss of inflections, word order changes, and development of new grammatical stru
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Changes in pronunciation systems over time, including sound shifts, loss of sounds, and development of new phonemes.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
A major phonological change occurring in English pronunciation between roughly the 15th and 17th centuries, dramatically
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Changes in writing systems and spelling conventions over time. Orthographic change shows how written forms evolve.
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The approach to language that prescribes how language should be used, establishing rules and standards. Prescriptivism e
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The linguistic approach that describes how language is actually used, without judging correctness. Descriptivism focuses
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
Jean Aitchison's metaphorical characterisations of language change as disease, decay, or evolution, reflecting different
Language diversity and change
Language diversity, change, and discourses
The hypothesis that language influences thought and perception, possibly determining or constraining how speakers think
Language diversity and change
Language investigation and original writing
A testable prediction about language use that guides an investigation. Hypotheses are based on observation or theory and
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The process of gathering language data for investigation, including recording, transcribing, and documenting language sa
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The selection of language data that is representative of the population or phenomenon being studied. Sampling decisions
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Moral and practical considerations in language investigation including informed consent, privacy, anonymity, and power r
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Standardised systems for representing speech in written form, including notation for pauses, overlaps, intonation, and o
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Analysis of language data using numerical methods to describe frequency, patterns, and relationships. Quantitative analy
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Analysis of language data focused on understanding meaning, patterns, and processes rather than numerical quantities. Qu
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The process of categorising language data into codes or categories for systematic analysis. Coding allows pattern identi
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The process of recognising recurring trends, relationships, or structures in language data. Pattern identification is ce
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Creative or informational writing produced by a student, demonstrating control of genre, register, voice, and stylistic
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Understanding of how different text types (genres) have distinctive structures, conventions, and communicative purposes
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
A text used as a reference for stylistic features and techniques, providing examples of how to write effectively in a pa
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The distinctive personality and perspective expressed through a writer's language choices, tone, and style. Voice makes
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Consideration of intended readers and adaptation of language choices to suit their needs, knowledge, expectations, and i
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The communicative intent or goal of a piece of writing: to inform, persuade, entertain, instruct, or other communicative
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Reflective analysis accompanying original writing or language investigation, explaining language choices, effects, and l
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Specialized terminology used to discuss and analyse language. Metalanguage includes linguistic concepts, terms, and fram
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
The analytical process of explaining how specific language choices create particular effects or meanings for readers or
NEA
Language investigation and original writing
Thoughtful consideration of language use, decisions made, and what was learned through the language investigation or ori
NEA
Textual variations and representations
The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. Phonemes are abstract units that are realised by
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A variant realisation of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word. Allophones are the actual sounds we produ
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
Two words that differ by only one phoneme and have different meanings. Minimal pairs demonstrate which sounds are phonem
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The prestige accent of English traditionally associated with educated speakers and the BBC. RP is a non-regional accent
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The distinctive way a person pronounces words, determined by their geographical origin, social class, and background. Ac
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The natural pronunciation of words in sequence, where sounds merge and change due to the influence of surrounding sounds
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The omission or loss of a sound, syllable, or phoneme in connected speech. Elision is a connected speech process that si
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A connected speech process where a sound becomes more similar to an adjacent sound, changing its phonetic properties. As
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
Suprasegmental aspects of speech including stress, intonation, pitch, pace, and rhythm. Prosodic features add meaning an
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The prominence given to a syllable or word in speech through increased volume, higher pitch, and longer duration. Stress
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The pattern of pitch change across an utterance, ranging from high to low tones. Intonation conveys attitudes, emotions,
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The frequency of vocal cord vibration, perceived as highness or lowness of the voice. Pitch can be fixed (overall speaki
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The speed at which speech is delivered, measured in syllables or words per minute. Pace affects comprehensibility, emoti
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The study of how language is represented visually on a page or screen through writing systems, handwriting, and visual d
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The design and style of printed or displayed text, including font choice, size, weight, and colour. Typography affects r
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The spatial arrangement of text and visual elements on a page or screen. Layout affects how readers navigate and interpr
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The arrangement of text and visual elements in physical or digital space, affecting how meaning is conveyed and how read
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The use of visual elements and design features to create unity and connect different parts of a text. Visual cohesion he
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that names people, places, things, or ideas. Nouns are the head of noun phrases and can be modified by adje
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A noun referring to something that can be perceived through the senses. Concrete nouns denote physical objects that exis
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A noun referring to concepts, emotions, qualities, or ideas that cannot be perceived through the senses. Abstract nouns
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A noun that names a specific person, place, or organisation and is capitalised. Proper nouns have unique referents and f
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A noun that refers to a group of people or things as a single unit. Collective nouns are grammatically singular but sema
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class expressing actions, events, or states. Verbs are the head of verb phrases and can be modified by adverbs an
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A verb expressing an action or event that involves change or movement. Dynamic verbs can occur in progressive aspect and
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A verb expressing a state, condition, or relationship rather than an action. Stative verbs typically cannot occur in pro
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A helping verb used with a main verb to form compound verb phrases expressing tense, aspect, mood, and voice. Auxiliary
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
An auxiliary verb expressing possibility, obligation, permission, ability, or future likelihood. Modals include can, cou
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that modifies nouns by adding descriptive information about their qualities, characteristics, or properties
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by providing information about manner, time, frequency, d
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that replaces or refers to a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns include personal pronouns, possessive pronouns,
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that shows the relationship between a noun and other words, typically indicating location, direction, time,
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that connects words, phrases, or clauses. Conjunctions include coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or) and
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A word class that precedes and modifies nouns by specifying or limiting them. Determiners include articles (a, an, the),
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A group of words related by shared meaning and typically associated with a particular topic, concept, or domain. Words i
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The habitual or natural combination of words that frequently occur together. Collocations are pairs or groups of words w
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The literal, dictionary meaning of a word. Denotation is the objective, referential meaning independent of emotional or
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The emotional, cultural, or associative meanings of a word beyond its literal definition. Connotations can be positive,
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that describes one thing in terms of another by suggesting they are the same, without using 'like' or
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using 'like' or 'as'. Similes explicitly acknowledge that the compari
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that substitutes the name of one thing for another thing closely associated with it. Metonymy is base
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole or the whole represents a part. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that gives human characteristics, emotions, or actions to non-human things or abstract concepts. Pers
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration for emphasis or effect. Hyperbole intentionally overstates reality to
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that affirms something by denying its opposite, often using understatement for effect. Litotes create
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one that is considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. Euphemisms soft
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposite terms in a single phrase. Oxymorons create paradoxical me
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The property of a word having multiple related meanings. Polysemous words have several connected senses that derive from
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The relationship between words that have very similar or identical meanings. Synonyms are words that can often be substi
Language, the individual and society
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The relationship between words with opposite meanings. Antonyms have contrary or contradictory meanings.
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The relationship between a general term (hypernym) and more specific terms (hyponyms) that fall within its category. Hyp
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A grammatical unit consisting of a noun and any modifying words (determiners, adjectives, prepositional phrases). The no
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A grammatical unit consisting of a main verb and any auxiliary verbs that modify it. The verb phrase functions as the pr
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The clause element that typically expresses the agent performing the action or the entity being described. The subject u
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The clause element that typically receives the action of the verb or is affected by it. Objects are usually noun phrases
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A clause element that completes the meaning of a linking verb or provides additional information about the subject or ob
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A clause element that provides optional information about when, where, how, or why an action occurs. Adverbials are not
Language, the individual and society
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A sentence containing one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. Simple sentences may have compound subjects or
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A sentence containing two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions or semicolons. Compound senten
Language, the individual and society
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A sentence containing one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Complex sentences show unequal, hierar
Language, the individual and society
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A sentence type that makes a statement and ends with a period. Declarative sentences are the most common sentence type.
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A sentence type that asks a question and ends with a question mark. Interrogative sentences change typical word order, o
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A sentence type that gives a command, request, or instruction. Imperative sentences typically have an implied subject (y
Language, the individual and society
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A sentence type that expresses strong emotion or surprise and ends with an exclamation mark. Exclamatory sentences are e
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A voice in which the subject performs the action expressed by the verb. Active voice emphasises the agent performing the
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A voice in which the subject receives the action rather than performing it. The agent (performer) is either absent or ap
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A grammatical category indicating when an action or state occurs: past, present, or future. Tense is marked through verb
Language, the individual and society
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A grammatical category indicating how an action or state is viewed: whether it is ongoing (progressive), completed (perf
Language, the individual and society
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The use of words or phrases to add descriptive information to nouns or other words. Modifiers provide additional details
Language, the individual and society
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The grammatical linking of a dependent clause to an independent clause using subordinating conjunctions. Subordination c
Language, the individual and society
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The grammatical linking of equal elements using coordinating conjunctions. Coordination creates parallel relationships b
Language, the individual and society
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A principle suggesting that conversational participants assume each other is being cooperative and following shared rule
Language, the individual and society
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One of four conversational rules proposed by Grice that guide effective communication: quality, quantity, relevance, and
Language, the individual and society
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An implied meaning that is not explicitly stated but can be inferred from what is said in context. Implicatures arise wh
Language, the individual and society
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Information assumed to be true as background for understanding an utterance. Presuppositions are not explicitly stated b
Language, the individual and society
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An action performed through language, such as promising, threatening, requesting, or commanding. Speech acts have a comm
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A theory explaining how speakers manage impressions and relationships through language choices. Politeness involves prot
Language, the individual and society
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A person's desire for approval, inclusion, and positive self-image. Positive face concerns wanting to be liked and to ha
Language, the individual and society
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A person's desire for autonomy and freedom from imposition. Negative face concerns wanting personal space and control ov
Language, the individual and society
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An utterance that damages a person's face (self-image), threatening either positive face (approval) or negative face (au
Language, the individual and society
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The use of linguistic devices to create connections between different parts of a text, making it hang together as a unif
Language, the individual and society
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The meaningful connection between ideas in a text that allows readers to understand relationships and follow the argumen
Language, the individual and society
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A word or phrase that signals the relationship between ideas and helps guide readers through a text. Discourse markers i
Language, the individual and society
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The system governing who speaks when in conversation. Turn-taking mechanisms determine how speakers manage overlaps, sil
Language, the individual and society
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A pair of consecutive utterances where the first utterance obligates a particular type of response. Examples include que
Language, the individual and society
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The strategies speakers use to introduce, maintain, develop, or change conversational topics. Topic management is a coop
Language, the individual and society
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The conversational process of fixing misunderstandings, errors, or unclear utterances. Repair can be self-initiated (spe
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
A situation in conversation where two speakers speak simultaneously or nearly simultaneously. Overlaps can indicate enga
Language, the individual and society
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Verbal utterances like 'mm', 'yeah', 'right' or non-verbal signals (nodding) that show a listener is engaged and followi
Language, the individual and society
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Words and expressions whose meaning depends on the context of utterance, particularly the speaker, time, and location. D
Language, the individual and society
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The variety of language used in a particular social context, determined by field, tenor, and mode. Register varies along
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The topic or subject matter of a text, which influences vocabulary choices and level of technicality. Field is one compo
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The relationship between participants in a text, including power relationships, familiarity, and social distance. Tenor
Language, the individual and society
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The medium or channel of communication (spoken or written). Mode affects linguistic choices including vocabulary, gramma
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The distinctive way an individual person uses language, including their vocabulary preferences, grammatical patterns, an
Language, the individual and society
Textual variations and representations
The language variety used by a particular social group, determined by factors like social class, age, ethnicity, or occu
Language, the individual and society