Back-channel
Verbal utterances like 'mm', 'yeah', 'right' or non-verbal signals (nodding) that show a listener is engaged and following. Back-channels support the speaker without taking a full turn.
Real World
In a BBC Radio 4 interview, the host repeatedly says 'mm' and 'right' while a guest explains a complex policy — signalling active listening without interrupting the speaker's turn.
Exam Focus
When analysing transcripts, identify back-channels and explain their function in maintaining conversational flow, not just list them.
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