Kachru's three circles
Braj Kachru's model describing English speakers globally in three concentric circles: inner circle (native speakers), outer circle (second-language speakers in former colonies), and expanding circle (learners worldwide).
Real World
China sits in Kachru's expanding circle, yet has the largest number of English learners globally — illustrating why the model's assumption that inner-circle norms are superior is increasingly challenged.
Exam Focus
Evaluate Kachru critically — note that the model has been critiqued for still privileging inner-circle norms despite its apparent inclusivity.
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