47 terms in 3.5
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Merton identified five ways people adapt to strain between cultural goals (wealth, success) and institutional means (leg
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cohen argues that working-class boys, failing in middle-class school system, experience status frustration; they create
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cloward & Ohlin developed strain theory, identifying three delinquent subcultures based on access to illegitimate opport
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Marxist criminologist Gordon argues that capitalism itself is criminogenic: it creates conditions that promote crime thr
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Snider argues that corporate crime (fraud, health/safety violations, environmental damage) causes more harm and death th
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Box argues that crime definitions, enforcement, and punishment reflect power: powerful groups define their actions as le
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cicourel's phenomenological study showed that police use mental shortcuts ('typifications') to categorise people as 'cri
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Lemert distinguished primary deviance (occasional rule-breaking without self-identity as deviant) from secondary devianc
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
A master status is a primary identity that overrides others and shapes how people are perceived and treated; being label
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Cohen's study of mods and rockers showed how media creates 'folk devils' (scapegoated groups) and 'moral panics' (exagge
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young's concept that media coverage of deviance → public fear → enforcement intensification → deviant groups become more
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Broken windows theory argues that visible signs of disorder and neglect (broken windows, graffiti, litter) signal that r
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Rational choice theory argues that potential offenders calculate costs (punishment risk, effort) and benefits (financial
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Left realism argues crime is real problem for working-class victims; it's caused by relative deprivation and marginalisa
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young's framework identifying four elements creating crime: offenders, victims, informal social control, and formal cont
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Young distinguishes relative deprivation (feeling excluded from consumption society despite some resources) from margina
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Heidensohn argues that women are more controlled than men (family, school, media) and these controls prevent criminality
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Messerschmidt argues masculinity is socially constructed; different class and ethnic groups develop different masculine
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Pollak argued that women commit as much crime as men but are treated more leniently by police and courts ('chivalry'), m
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Carlen argues women commit less crime because they accept two 'deals': the class deal (legitimate work, modest income) a
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Phillips & Bowling show that ethnicity and crime are interconnected through policing: minority ethnic groups are over-po
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Hall's study showed how media, police, and politicians constructed 'mugging crisis' in 1970s Britain, blaming young blac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Sutherland defined white-collar crime as crime committed by respectable people in course of their occupations: fraud, em
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Corporate crime (companies breaking laws for profit) and state crime (governments breaking laws) cause immense harm but
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Chambliss showed how state protects powerful interests: organised crime thrives where state allows it (police corruption
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Foucault analysed how modern societies use surveillance (prisons, schools, workplaces) and discipline to control populat
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Garland argues modern crime control has become punitive and security-focused, moving away from rehabilitative ideals; 'c
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Victimology (study of crime victims) has three approaches: positivist (victim characteristics increasing risk), radical
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Christie identified characteristics of 'ideal victim' receiving maximum sympathy: blameless, vulnerable, innocent, attac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crime is an act that violates legal code and can be prosecuted by the state; includes conventional crimes (murder, theft
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Durkheim argued crime serves functions: it maintains social boundaries by showing what society rejects (boundary mainten
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Robert Merton's functionalist theory that crime results from strain between culturally emphasised goals (wealth, success
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Howard Becker's labelling theory: deviance is created through labelling; once labelled, people develop deviant identitie
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Edwin Lemert distinguished primary deviance (isolated deviant acts) from secondary deviance (deviance in response to soc
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stanley Cohen's concept describing how media coverage of deviance, public concern, and increased policing amplify the pe
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stanley Cohen's concept describing media-generated exaggerated fear about certain groups or deviance, often directed at
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Process whereby labelling and social reaction to deviance actually increase the deviant behaviour, creating a self-fulfi
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Critical approach to crime that takes crime seriously (especially impact on poor and marginalised) while rejecting biolo
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Conservative approach to crime focusing on deterrence and punishment; argues rational choice theory explains crime, blam
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Feeling of deprivation not from absolute poverty but from experiencing less than others, creating grievance and potentia
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crime patterns show significant gender differences: men commit more crime (especially violent crime) and comprise 95% of
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Official crime statistics show higher crime rates for some ethnic minorities, but these statistics reflect policing prac
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
The 1999 Macpherson inquiry into Stephen Lawrence murder found institutional racism in police; it defined institutional
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Police power to search people and vehicles without warrant; statistics show massive racial disparity with ethnic minorit
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Stuart Hall's study of 1970s mugging panic, showing how media and police created racial panic about black youth crime, i
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crimes against environment: pollution, wildlife trafficking, deforestation, corporate environmental damage; often unpros
Crime and deviance
Crime and deviance with theory and methods
Crimes committed by states or state institutions: political repression, torture, war crimes, genocide, often unprosecute
Crime and deviance