Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The approach, developed by Aquinas, that religious language uses analogy to speak meaningfully of God. Terms (good, powe

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

A.J. Ayer developed logical positivism, applying verification principle to language. Statements are meaningful only if a

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

John Polkinghorne advocates critical realism: both science and theology offer genuine insight into reality, not mere hum

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Antony Flew's critique of religious language: if believers cannot specify conditions under which God's existence or good

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Philosopher Antony Flew challenged religious language through falsification: if believers cannot specify conditions fals

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Stephen Jay Gould proposes NOMA: science and religion occupy non-overlapping magisteria (domains). Science addresses fac

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Intelligent Design (ID) claims that some biological features are too complex for natural selection without invoking a de

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

A philosophical movement, particularly associated with A.J. Ayer, asserting that meaningful statements must be either an

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The philosophical problem of how to speak meaningfully about God and transcendent reality. Major approaches: via negativ

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Ian Barbour identifies four relationships between science and religion: conflict (they contradict), independence (differ

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Approaches viewing religious language as symbolic and mythic rather than literally referential. Tillich argued religious

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Protestant theologian Paul Tillich developed sophisticated accounts of religious language, symbols, and faith. Tillich t

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The theological approach, developed by Pseudo-Dionysius and Thomas Aquinas, that God can be known through negation: desc

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophical approach treating religious language as a distinct language game with its own rules,

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The scientific theory that the universe originated from an extremely hot, dense state ~13.8 billion years ago. The Big B

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

R.B. Braithwaite argues that religious statements are moral assertions with prescriptive force, not descriptive fact-cla

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Cognitive religious language makes truth-claims about reality (propositional content). Non-cognitive language expresses

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins argues that evolutionary theory eliminates the need for design arguments and supp

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

John Hick proposes eschatological verification: religious claims will be verified or falsified in the eschaton (end time

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The debate between evolutionary theory and intelligent design. Evolution explains apparent design through natural select

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

R.M. Hare argues that religious faith is a 'blik': a fundamental commitment that shapes interpretation of experience but

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Basil Mitchell's parable responds to the falsification challenge: a partisan's faith in his leader persists despite appa

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Rudolf Bultmann argues that biblical mythological language (miracles, resurrection, ascension) must be demythologized to

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Physicist and theologian John Polkinghorne argues for integration of science and theology. He contends that quantum inde

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The philosophical and theological engagement between religious and scientific worldviews. Key issues: creation vs. evolu

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Aquinas employs analogy to address how language meaningfully refers to God. Analogy of attribution: properties predicate

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Wittgenstein's approach to religious language: religious discourse constitutes a distinct language game with its own rul

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Ian Ramsey argues that religious language employs models (psychological patterns making sense of experience) qualified b

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Logical positivists distinguished strong verification (empirical proof of truth) from weak verification (falsifiability

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Richard Dawkins argues that God's existence is scientifically implausible and that belief in God causes cultural harm, m

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The meta-ethical position that moral facts are constituted by divine commands: something is right because God commands i

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Plato's logical challenge to Divine Command Theory: Are things good because God commands them, or does God command them

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Religious particularism claims exclusive truth: one tradition (typically one's own) offers unique path to salvation/enli

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Karl Rahner proposes 'anonymous Christianity': those outside the Church who respond to God's offer of grace are implicit

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

John Hick proposes that various religious traditions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, etc.) represent different culturall

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Karl Rahner proposes that God's universal grace-offer means those outside Christian tradition who respond positively imp

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The philosophical question whether morality requires religious foundations or whether secular ethics can sustain moral o

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Grace Davie argues that modern Europe exhibits 'believing without belonging': people maintain religious belief/memory wi

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

John Hick (1922–2012) developed the most systematic theological pluralism. He argued that major religions respond to the

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Paul Knitter identifies four models of religious pluralism: exclusivism (one truth), inclusivism (one tradition encompas

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The philosophical position that multiple religious traditions are valid paths to ultimate reality or salvific truth. Plu

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Steve Bruce argues that religious decline results from reduced demand (people less need religion for meaning) and disrup

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Secularisation is the decline of religion's social significance: fewer people practice religion, religious institutions

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Rodney Stark and William Bainbridge developed supply-side religious economy theory, arguing that secularisation reflects

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Grace Davie's 'vicarious religion' thesis proposes that in Europe, people approve of religion being practiced on their b

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

José Casanova's 'deprivatisation' thesis argues that religion, contrary to secularisation theory, increasingly enters pu

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Peter Berger's 'sacred canopy' metaphor describes religion as a meaning-making framework legitimizing social reality. Pl

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

'Spiritual but not religious' represents postmodern spirituality: pick-and-mix selections from multiple traditions, New

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Mary Daly critiques Christianity as inherently patriarchal; the tradition cannot be reformed but must be transcended. Sh

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Rosemary Radford Ruether and others argue that Christianity can be reformed toward gender justice through recovering sup

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The sociological hypothesis that modernization inevitably produces secularization (decline of religion's social signific

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Womanist theology, developed by African American women (Delores Williams, Katie Geneva Cannon), addresses the triple opp

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza developed feminist hermeneutics grounded in the 'hermeneutics of suspicion'—critically ques

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Phyllis Trible applied the 'depatriarchalising principle' to biblical texts, offering feminist reinterpretations of prob

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Christian theology has developed complementarian views (men and women possess different roles; male headship) and egalit

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The debate over whether women should be ordained as priests and bishops remains contentious across Christian denominatio

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Rosemary Radford Ruether critiqued patriarchal God-language ('He,' 'Father,' 'King'), arguing it reinforces gender hiera

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Building on theorist bell hooks' work, intersectional religious feminism recognizes that gender oppression intersects wi

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Theological reflection critiquing patriarchal structures in religion and retrieving women's experiences as authoritative

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Theological movement prioritizing liberation of the poor and oppressed as central to Christian faith. Gustavo Gutierrez

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Gustavo Gutiérrez, a Peruvian priest and founding figure of liberation theology, developed a theology centered on God's

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Conscientisation (Paulo Freire's concept) is the process of developing critical consciousness of oppression and one's ca

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Small, lay-led Christian communities primarily in Latin America that combine biblical study, conscientisation, and socia

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Leonardo Boff's concept of ecclesiogenesis—the church's continual rebirth from below—emphasizes that authentic church em

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

Marxist social analysis significantly influenced liberation theology's methodology. While liberation theologians used Ma

Dialogues

Philosophy, ethics and religion in dialogue

The Vatican, particularly through Pope John Paul II and Cardinal Ratzinger's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith,

Dialogues