Case studies

Some places outside the UK face multiple types of natural hazard at once. You need to know one such place in detail — in

Hazards

Case studies

You need a detailed case study of one specific place that faces a natural hazard. You must know the hazard itself, the c

Hazards

Case studies

Real-world case studies are where you apply everything you have learned about hazards — from plate tectonics to storm sy

Hazards

Fires in nature

Wildfires burn most intensely when the right conditions combine. Dry vegetation, large amounts of burnable material, hot

Hazards

Fires in nature

Wildfires start through natural triggers like lightning, or through human actions like arson and accidental ignition. Bo

Hazards

Fires in nature

Wildfires cause a wide range of impacts. Geographers sort these into categories — primary or secondary, and environmenta

Hazards

Fires in nature

Societies manage wildfire risk using four strategies. These range from stopping fires before they start, to helping comm

Hazards

Fires in nature

A real wildfire case study shows you what damage fires actually cause and how people respond. You need one recent event

Hazards

Fires in nature

Wildfires are large, uncontrolled fires that spread rapidly through natural landscapes, and their intensity is shaped by

Hazards

Plate tectonics

Earth has four distinct layers of rock and metal. Heat generated deep inside those layers provides the energy that moves

Hazards

Plate tectonics

Earth's outer shell is broken into large rocky slabs called tectonic plates. Several forces — including heat-driven curr

Hazards

Plate tectonics

Tectonic plates meet, separate, or slide past each other at plate margins. Each margin type produces distinctive landfor

Hazards

Plate tectonics

A magma plume is a column of superheated rock that rises from deep in the mantle. It burns through a tectonic plate abov

Hazards

Plate tectonics

Earth's outer shell is broken into tectonic plates — large, slow-moving slabs of rock — driven by forces including conve

Hazards

Seismic hazards

Seismicity means earthquake activity. Tectonic plates moving against each other cause earthquakes, which then trigger fu

Hazards

Seismic hazards

Geographers describe earthquakes using six key characteristics. These characteristics explain where earthquakes happen,

Hazards

Seismic hazards

Earthquakes cause a range of impacts. Geographers sort these into categories — primary or secondary, and environmental,

Hazards

Seismic hazards

After an earthquake, people and governments respond in different ways. Some actions happen immediately; others take year

Hazards

Seismic hazards

You need a real earthquake case study. It must show what damage the earthquake caused and how people and governments rea

Hazards

Seismic hazards

Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along plate boundaries — the zones where tectonic plates meet — a

Hazards

Storm hazards

Tropical storms are powerful spinning weather systems that form over warm oceans. They generate several distinct hazards

Hazards

Storm hazards

Tropical storms follow recognisable patterns in where they occur, how powerful they are, and how often they strike. Geog

Hazards

Storm hazards

Tropical storms cause several types of damage. Geographers sort these into five overlapping categories: primary, seconda

Hazards

Storm hazards

Countries manage tropical storm risk using four strategies. These range from getting ready before a storm strikes to mak

Hazards

Storm hazards

You need two real tropical storm case studies from different parts of the world. You compare their impacts and how peopl

Hazards

Storm hazards

Tropical storms — intense, rotating weather systems that form over warm ocean water and release enormous energy through

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

A natural hazard is a naturally occurring event that threatens people or the built environment. Geographers group natura

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

Hazard perception is how much danger a person thinks a natural hazard poses to them. Wealth, religion, experience, and c

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

When people face a natural hazard, they respond in six characteristic ways. These range from doing nothing and accepting

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

How people respond to a hazard depends on five key factors: how often it strikes, how powerful it is, how widely it spre

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

The Park model is a graph that shows how a community's quality of life changes before, during, and after a hazard event.

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

The Hazard Management Cycle is a continuous loop of four stages that governments and communities use to reduce the damag

Hazards

The concept of hazard in a geographical context

A natural hazard is a naturally occurring event — such as a volcanic eruption, flood, or tropical storm — that poses a t

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

Volcanoes produce several distinct hazards, from fast-moving clouds of superheated gas to ash and mudflows. The type of

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

Volcanic hazards differ in where they occur, how powerful they are, how often they strike, and how reliably scientists c

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

Volcanic eruptions cause a wide range of impacts. Geographers sort these impacts into categories — such as social, econo

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

After a volcanic eruption, people respond in different ways to reduce harm. Some actions happen immediately; others invo

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

A real volcanic event shows how eruptions harm people and places. It also shows how communities and governments respond

Hazards

Volcanic hazards

Vulcanicity — the movement of magma and associated gases to or towards the Earth's surface — produces a range of hazards

Hazards