76 terms in 3.1
Discourse & Pragmatics
A fundamental conversation unit in discourse analysis consisting of two adjacent turns where the first creates an expect
Language Analysis Frameworks
Discourse & Pragmatics
A reference technique where a word or phrase refers back to a previously mentioned element in the text. For example, 'Jo
Language Analysis Frameworks
Discourse & Pragmatics
Short interjections like 'yeah', 'mm', 'right', 'I see' produced by listeners during a speaker's turn to show attention
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Discourse & Pragmatics
A reference technique where a word or phrase refers forward to an element mentioned later in the text. For example, 'As
Language Analysis Frameworks
Discourse & Pragmatics
Words whose meaning depends on the speaker's context, including personal pronouns ('I', 'you'), demonstratives ('this',
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Discourse & Pragmatics
The overall organisation and pattern of extended talk or text beyond the sentence level. Discourse structure includes na
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Discourse & Pragmatics
The omission of words that are understood from context, creating economy and naturalism in speech and text. For example,
Language Analysis Frameworks
Discourse & Pragmatics
A conversational mechanism for addressing misunderstandings, errors, or unclear utterances. Repair can be self-initiated
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Grammar & Syntax
A grammatical feature indicating how an action is experienced across time. Progressive aspect ('is walking') emphasises
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
A grammatical structure that divides a sentence into two parts to emphasise a particular element. For example, 'It was h
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Grammar & Syntax
A word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb or predicate. Complements can be nouns ('I am a teacher'), adjecti
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
A word that specifies or determines a noun, including articles ('the', 'a'), possessives ('my', 'his'), demonstratives (
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Grammar & Syntax
Finite verbs are marked for tense and agree with subjects ('I walk', 'she walks'). Non-finite verbs (infinitives, gerund
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
An adverbial element (word or phrase) placed at the beginning of a clause, before the main verb. Fronting emphasises the
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
Auxiliary verbs expressing modality (possibility, necessity, obligation, permission), such as 'can', 'could', 'may', 'mi
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
A grammatical unit centred on a noun, which may include determiners, modifiers, and other words that describe or specify
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
The grammatical transformation of active voice sentences to passive voice, moving the object to subject position and obs
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Grammar & Syntax
A subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun ('who', 'which', 'that', 'whose') that provides information about
Language Analysis Frameworks
Grammar & Syntax
A grammatical unit consisting of a main verb and any auxiliary verbs, expressing an action or state. For example, 'is wa
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words, pronounced as a word rather than as individual letters, such a
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
A word formation process where a new word is created by removing a perceived affix or morpheme from an existing word, su
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
A word formation process combining parts of two existing words to create a new word, such as 'brunch' (breakfast + lunch
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
A word formation process where a word is shortened while retaining its original meaning and function, such as 'lab' from
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
A word formation process where two or more free morphemes combine to create a new word with a meaning related to, but di
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Morphology & Word Formation
A word formation process where a word changes grammatical class without morphological change, such as 'google' (noun to
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
A person's name that becomes a common word or gives its name to something, such as 'boycott' from Charles Boycott or 'sa
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words, pronounced letter-by-letter rather than as a single word, such
Language Analysis Frameworks
Morphology & Word Formation
The smallest unit of meaning in a language, either free (standalone) or bound (requiring attachment).
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Morphology & Word Formation
A newly coined word, expression, or use of an existing word that enters a language. Neologisms arise from technological
Language Analysis Frameworks
Phonology & Pronunciation
A pattern of pronunciation distinctive to a particular region or social group, encompassing phonological features like v
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Phonology & Pronunciation
A variant pronunciation of a phoneme that does not change meaning. Allophones are context-dependent and occur in complem
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The process by which one sound becomes more like an adjacent sound, resulting in predictable modifications at word bound
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Phonology & Pronunciation
When articulation of one sound influences adjacent sounds in connected speech.
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The natural, continuous flow of spoken language in which words blend together, sounds are modified, and syllables may be
Language Analysis Frameworks
Phonology & Pronunciation
A vowel combining two different vowel qualities transitioning within one syllable.
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The omission of sounds or syllables in connected speech, often for ease of pronunciation. Elided sounds are part of stan
Language Analysis Frameworks
Phonology & Pronunciation
A consonant created by forcing air through a narrow channel, creating friction.
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Phonology & Pronunciation
A major phonological change in Middle English (roughly 1350-1700) where vowel sounds systematised and shifted, affecting
Language Analysis Frameworks
Phonology & Pronunciation
The rise and fall of pitch across an utterance, conveying grammatical information, emotion, and speaker attitude. A fall
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The smallest unit of sound in a language that distinguishes meaning between words. Different languages have different ph
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Phonology & Pronunciation
A consonant blocking airflow completely then releasing it abruptly.
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Phonology & Pronunciation
A standardised variety of English pronunciation associated historically with the educated middle classes and BBC broadca
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The neutral vowel /ə/ in unstressed syllables, the most frequent vowel in English.
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Phonology & Pronunciation
The emphasis placed on syllables within words and utterances, using variations in volume, pitch, and duration. Word stre
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Vocabulary from earlier historical periods that is rarely used in contemporary language. Archaic words persist in certai
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Extreme exaggeration for emphasis, emotional effect, or humour.
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Combining contradictory or opposite words in close proximity.
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Wordplay exploiting multiple meanings or similar-sounding words for humour or effect.
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Deliberate downplaying or minimising for effect, often creating irony or humour.
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Rhetorical & Literary Language
Using a word in two different senses or grammatical functions within one sentence.
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A process of semantic change in which a word's meaning becomes more positive or prestigious over time. For example, 'lad
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Semantics & Meaning Change
The semantic relationship between words with opposite meanings, such as 'hot' and 'cold', 'big' and 'small'. Antonyms cl
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A semantic change process in which a word's meaning becomes more general or expansive. For example, 'go' originally mean
Language Analysis Frameworks
Semantics & Meaning Change
The habitual association of particular words together, such as 'strong coffee' but 'powerful argument'. Collocations sho
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Semantics & Meaning Change
Semantic relationships of inclusion: hypernyms are general categories (e.g., 'animal'), hyponyms are specific examples w
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A group of words related by shared semantic features or meaning, such as colour words, emotion words, or terms for famil
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Semantics & Meaning Change
Referring to one thing by the name of something associated with it.
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A semantic change process in which a word's meaning becomes more restricted or specific. For example, 'meat' originally
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A process of semantic change in which a word's meaning becomes more negative or lower in status over time. For instance,
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Semantics & Meaning Change
The process by which word meanings shift, evolve, or transform over time. Semantic change includes narrowing, broadening
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Semantics & Meaning Change
The semantic relationship between words with similar or equivalent meanings, such as 'happy' and 'pleased'. Perfect syno
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Semantics & Meaning Change
A figure of speech where a part stands for the whole, or vice versa.
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation or text, often use
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The process of establishing and recording explicit rules for a language, typically through dictionaries, grammar books,
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
An approach to language that observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers and writers, without judgi
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
A language variety associated with a particular geographical region or social group, encompassing distinctive vocabulary
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
A stable linguistic situation where two language varieties coexist in a speech community, each used in different social
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The unique language system used by an individual, incorporating their distinctive vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar pat
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
Specialised vocabulary used within a particular profession, activity, or social group. Jargon serves to communicate prec
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The study of how gender is constructed, expressed, and negotiated through language, including distinctive speech pattern
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The relationship between linguistic choices and how individuals and groups construct, express, and negotiate identity th
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Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
An approach to language that emphasises established rules and 'correct' usage, prescribing how language 'should' be used
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
Informal vocabulary and expressions used within specific social groups or age groups, typically with limited social acce
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
A language variety associated with a particular social group, defined by characteristics like class, profession, age, or
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
The process by which a language variety becomes codified, accepted as a norm, and used in formal institutions, gradually
Language Analysis Frameworks
Sociolinguistics & Language Variation
Words and expressions considered offensive, forbidden, or inappropriate within a society. Taboo varies by culture, time
Language Analysis Frameworks