26 terms
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
The Political Nation was the small elite of landowners and wealthy men who held real power in early Stuart England. They
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
Both James I and Charles I believed a king ruled by God's authority alone and owed Parliament no explanation. Their pers
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
Both James I and Charles I were chronically short of money. They tried various schemes to raise funds without asking Par
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
Three religious groups — Catholics, Puritans, and Arminians — each made different demands on the Stuart kings. Their com
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
James I and Charles I repeatedly clashed with Parliament across four main areas. Those areas were parliamentary privileg
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
By 1629, Charles I and Parliament had reached a complete breakdown in trust. Charles dissolved Parliament and chose to r
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
In early Stuart England, Protestants bitterly disagreed about how the Church should look and behave. These religious div
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
Charles I ruled without Parliament from 1629 to 1640. When he finally recalled Parliament, deep political divisions quic
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
Between 1642 and 1651, Charles I fought two civil wars against Parliament. Scotland and Ireland shaped both conflicts. C
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
The Civil War unleashed radical groups who demanded far more than Parliament had ever wanted. The Levellers pushed for p
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
After the Civil War ended in 1646, the victorious Parliament and its own Army fell into bitter dispute. They could not a
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
In January 1649, Parliament put King Charles I on trial and executed him. The people who organised this argued that a ki
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Absolutism challenged: Britain, 1603–1649
When James I took the throne in 1603, he and his son Charles I both believed in royal absolutism — the idea that a king'
Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
In 1855, the Tsar ruled Russia alone with total power and no parliament. A disastrous war with Britain and France had ju
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Alexander II responded to Russia's backwardness by freeing the serfs in 1861 and modernising the army, courts, and local
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Alexander II and Alexander III both ruled Russia as autocrats, meaning they held total personal power. They differed sha
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Russification was the Tsarist policy of forcing non-Russian peoples to adopt Russian language, culture, and religion. Th
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
From the 1860s onwards, organised groups challenged Tsarist rule with competing political ideas. Liberals wanted gradual
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Russia's economy and society changed significantly between 1855 and 1894. Industry grew slowly, land ownership caused de
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Nicholas II ruled Russia as an autocrat but faced a revolution in 1905. He survived by making limited concessions, inclu
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Between 1855 and 1914, Russia built factories, railways, and cities at speed. But farming remained backward, and most pe
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Between 1855 and 1914, rapid industrialisation transformed how Russians lived and worked. Cities grew fast, peasants flo
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
By the early twentieth century, organised groups of Russians actively challenged Tsarist rule using competing political
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
The First World War pushed Russia's already fragile government to breaking point. By 1917, military disaster, food short
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power from Russia's Provisional Government. They then built a new revolutionary g
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917
Russia in 1855 was ruled as an autocracy — a system in which the Tsar held absolute political power with no obligation t
Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964