Political authority, government and Tsar; Nicholas II as ruler: political developments to 1914; 1905 Revolution; Duma government
Nicholas II ruled Russia as an autocrat but faced a revolution in 1905. He survived by making limited concessions, including creating a parliament called the Duma — though he kept tight control over it.
Real World
On Bloody Sunday, 22 January 1905, Father Gapon led peaceful petitioners to the Winter Palace; troops opened fire, killing hundreds — the event shattered the myth of the 'Little Father' Tsar who protected his people and radicalised millions overnight.
Exam Focus
For the October Manifesto, argue it was a tactical concession, not genuine reform — this nuanced interpretation targets the top mark bands in 'how far' questions.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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