35 terms in 3.2.4
Case studies
You study one real country to understand how and why its population is changing. You examine the size of that change, it
Population and the environment
Case studies
You study one specific local area in depth. You explore how its physical surroundings and socio-economic conditions — su
Population and the environment
Case studies
Real-world case studies are where the theories and frameworks explored throughout this section — such as demographic tra
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Climate and soils set the physical limits on where people can live and grow food. Areas with favourable conditions suppo
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Different climates create different conditions for human life. Two major climate types show clearly how temperature, rai
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Zonal soils are soil types that form in predictable global bands, shaped by climate and vegetation. Two key types — cher
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Human farming practices can damage soil in four main ways. Each type of damage reduces the land's ability to grow food,
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Food security means everyone has reliable access to enough nutritious food. Governments and organisations use a range of
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Climate change alters temperature, rainfall, and growing seasons around the world. These shifts threaten food production
Population and the environment
Environment and population
Climate, soils, and physical geography set the boundaries for where and how much food the world can produce — and unders
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Countries at different stages of development have very different patterns of disease and death. As a country develops, i
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Physical features of a place — its climate, landscape shape, and water drainage — directly affect which diseases occur t
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Poor air and water quality directly damage human health. Polluted air causes respiratory and heart disease. Contaminated
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Malaria is a disease spread by mosquito bites. Its global distribution reflects both physical conditions that allow mosq
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are long-term illnesses you cannot catch from another person. Where you live and how we
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
International agencies like the WHO and NGOs like Médecins Sans Frontières work across borders to reduce disease and imp
Population and the environment
Environment, health and well-being
Where people live shapes how healthy they are — physical factors like climate, drainage, and air and water quality all i
Population and the environment
Global population futures
Global environmental changes — ozone depletion and climate change — directly damage human health. They increase rates of
Population and the environment
Global population futures
Demographers forecast where and how many people will live in the future. Geographers then question whether those forecas
Population and the environment
Global population futures
As the global population continues to grow, the relationship between people and the environment is becoming increasingly
Population and the environment
Introduction
Physical environments — such as climate, soils, and water supply — shape where people live and how populations grow or d
Population and the environment
Introduction
Three physical factors — climate, soil quality, and water availability — strongly influence where people can live. Place
Population and the environment
Introduction
Population is not spread evenly across the world. Some regions hold billions of people, while others are nearly empty —
Population and the environment
Introduction
Where people live, and how many of them there are, is not random — physical factors such as climate, soil quality, and w
Population and the environment
Population change
Natural population change happens when births outnumber deaths, or vice versa. The demographic transition model shows ho
Population and the environment
Population change
Several models predict how and why populations grow or shrink over time. Geographers test these models against real plac
Population and the environment
Population change
The demographic dividend is an economic boost a country can gain when its working-age population grows large relative to
Population and the environment
Population change
International migration means people moving permanently or long-term across national borders. People do this for differe
Population and the environment
Population change
When people migrate, they change both the place they leave and the place they arrive. These changes affect population st
Population and the environment
Population change
How and why populations grow, shrink, or shift is shaped by a combination of natural change — the balance between birth
Population and the environment
Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations
Populations grow when births outnumber deaths. Geographers judge whether a population is too large, too small, or just r
Population and the environment
Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations
Carrying capacity sets the maximum population an environment can support. Ecological footprint measures how much of Eart
Population and the environment
Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations
Feedback loops describe how population growth affects resources and pollution — and how those changes then push populati
Population and the environment
Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations
Different thinkers disagree about whether population growth causes crisis or drives human progress. Malthus warned that
Population and the environment
Principles of population ecology and their application to human populations
Ecology gives geographers a set of tools for asking whether a population is too large, too small, or just right relative
Population and the environment