International migration: refugees, asylum seekers and economic migrants; environmental and socio-economic causes and processes
International migration means people moving permanently or long-term across national borders. People do this for different reasons — fleeing danger, seeking safety, or chasing better economic opportunities.
Real World
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, over 8 million Ukrainians fled abroad — classified as refugees under the 1951 UN Convention — while millions more displaced within Ukraine are internally displaced persons (IDPs), a distinction worth making in exam answers.
Exam Focus
Ensure you use the correct legal terminology (refugee vs asylum seeker vs economic migrant) and link each category to a specific cause to access AO1 marks.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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