26 terms in 3.7
Computer organisation and architecture
A computer architecture with single unified memory storing both instructions and data, with CPU fetching and executing i
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
A computer architecture with separate instruction and data memory, enabling simultaneous access to both. Harvard archite
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
The fundamental CPU operation cycle: fetch instruction from memory, decode instruction determining operation and operand
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
A CPU register storing the memory address of the next instruction to execute. Program counter enables sequential executi
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Extremely fast memory locations within CPU storing operands, results, and control information. Registers enable fast ope
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Arithmetic Logic Unit performs arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations on operands. A
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
The component directing CPU operation by decoding instructions and generating control signals. Control unit translates o
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Methods specifying operand locations in instructions. Different modes enable flexible data access patterns. Common modes
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Addressing mode where operand value is embedded in instruction. Immediate addressing is fast since no memory access need
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Addressing mode where instruction contains memory address of operand. Direct addressing enables simple variable access.
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Addressing mode where register contains memory address of operand. Indirect addressing enables dynamic memory access thr
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Addressing mode computing address as base address plus index register offset. Indexed addressing enables efficient array
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Auxiliary processors handling specialized operations (floating-point, graphics, cryptography). Co-processors accelerate
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Processors with multiple cores executing instructions in parallel. Multi-core enables true parallelism improving perform
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Computer organisation and architecture
Fast, small memory storing frequently accessed data reducing main memory access latency. Caches exploit locality of refe
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
The complete set of operations a CPU can execute, defined by opcode and operand formats. Instruction sets vary between C
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Methods specifying where operand data comes from or results go, enabling flexible instruction design. Addressing modes i
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
A performance technique overlapping instruction execution stages (fetch, decode, execute, memory, write-back) enabling m
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Two instruction set philosophies: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) emphasizes simple operations and pipelining, C
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Components enabling computers to communicate with external devices through ports, buses, and controllers. I/O systems ha
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Non-volatile storage devices (hard drives, solid-state drives, USB drives) retaining data without power. Secondary stora
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Levels of memory with different speeds and capacities: registers (fastest, smallest), caches, main memory, and secondary
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Fast temporary storage between CPU and main memory, reducing average access latency through locality exploitation. Cache
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Executing multiple operations simultaneously to improve throughput and performance. Parallel processing includes multipr
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Two parallel processing models: Single-Instruction Multiple-Data (SIMD) executes one instruction on multiple data, Multi
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture
Subtopic b
Using Graphics Processing Units for general-purpose computation, exploiting massive parallelism for data-parallel worklo
Fundamentals of computer organisation and architecture