Kalam Argument
A modern version of the Cosmological Argument developed by medieval Islamic philosophers and revived by contemporary apologist William Lane Craig. It argues: (1) whatever begins to exist requires a cause; (2) the universe began to exist; (3) therefore the universe requires a cause, which must be God. The argument relies on Big Bang cosmology to establish the universe's beginning.
Real World
The 2019 Event Horizon Telescope image of a black hole confirmed predictions rooted in Big Bang cosmology. William Lane Craig uses this scientific consensus that the universe had a beginning approximately 13.8 billion years ago as empirical support for his Kalam premise that the universe began to exist.
Exam Focus
Distinguish the Kalam from Aquinas's Ways — Craig's argument depends on a temporal beginning, not just causal dependency.
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