Free Will and Moral Responsibility
The philosophical problem of reconciling human freedom with causal determinism. If all events (including human actions) are causally determined, can humans be morally responsible for their choices? Major positions: hard determinism (no free will, no responsibility), compatibilism/soft determinism (free will and determinism compatible; responsibility preserved), and libertarianism (free will requires indeterminism; humans possess it).
Real World
The 2013 trial of Anders Breivik raised live debate about whether a person shaped entirely by psychological disturbance can be held morally responsible — the same tension at the heart of hard determinism vs. libertarianism.
Exam Focus
Structure answers around the three positions (hard determinism, compatibilism, libertarianism) and explicitly link each to moral responsibility, not just freedom.
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