Newman and Conscience
Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801–1890) developed an influential theological account of conscience. Conscience is the voice of God speaking to individuals; moral obligation is ultimately obedience to God through conscience. Newman emphasized individual conscience's dignity and God's direct communication.
Real World
German theologian Franz Jägerstätter followed his conscience and refused military service for the Nazis in 1943, was executed, and was later beatified by the Catholic Church — vindicating Newman's view that conscience holds ultimate moral authority.
Exam Focus
Distinguish Newman's theological conscience from Butler's philosophical faculty; conflating them is a common error that limits marks.
How well did you know this?