Fine-Tuning of Universe
The observation that physical constants and initial conditions are precisely calibrated for life. Gravity, electromagnetic force, and other constants differ slightly from their actual values; the universe would contain no stars, planets, or life. This fine-tuning is explained by design (Swinburne), necessity (physical laws require these values), or multiverse (infinite universes with different constants).
Real World
Physicist Martin Rees identified six fundamental constants — including the ratio of electromagnetic to gravitational force — that must be precise to one part in 10^36 for stars to form, as outlined in his 1999 book Just Six Numbers.
Exam Focus
Evaluate all three responses (design, necessity, multiverse) to fine-tuning — one-sided answers rarely reach top bands.
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