Evolution as Alternative
The theory that apparent design in living organisms arises through natural selection and mutation rather than intelligent creation. Evolution provides a naturalistic mechanism explaining complexity, challenging the necessity of a designer God. Darwin's theory fundamentally altered the landscape of design arguments.
Real World
Richard Dawkins' 1986 book The Blind Watchmaker argued that natural selection acts as an 'unconscious designer,' explaining the human eye's complexity without invoking God — directly challenging Paley's watchmaker analogy.
Exam Focus
Note that evolution challenges biological design arguments but does not address cosmological fine-tuning — examiners reward this distinction.
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