The behavioural approach to explaining phobias: the two-process model, including classical and operant conditioning
The two-process model explains how phobias first develop through a frightening experience, then persist because avoiding the feared thing feels like a relief.
Real World
Watson and Rayner's (1920) study of Little Albert showed classical conditioning: a loud bang (UCS) was paired with a white rat (NS) until Albert feared the rat alone (CR). His continued avoidance of furry objects demonstrated operant conditioning maintaining the phobia.
Exam Focus
Label each process separately — marks are split between acquisition (classical conditioning) and maintenance (operant conditioning).
Evaluation Scaffold
A four-step framework for high-quality evaluation. Use this for 'assess', 'evaluate', and 'to what extent' questions.
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