Cultural variations in attachment, including van Ijzendoorn
Researchers have tested attachment types across many countries. They find secure attachment is most common everywhere, but the proportions of insecure types differ between cultures.
Real World
In Japan, studies found higher rates of insecure-resistant attachment than in Western countries, likely because Japanese mothers rarely leave their babies with strangers, making the Strange Situation unusually distressing for Japanese infants.
Exam Focus
Always name the meta-analysis (van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg, 1988) and state it analysed 32 studies across 8 countries.
Evaluation Scaffold
A four-step framework for high-quality evaluation. Use this for 'assess', 'evaluate', and 'to what extent' questions.
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