Potential difference
The work done per unit charge by an external agent in moving a charge between two points in an electric field, measured in volts (V). Defined as V = W/Q, where W is work (in joules) and Q is charge (in coulombs). Potential difference is the driving force for current in a circuit and is measured with a voltmeter connected in parallel.
Formula
V = W/Q
Real World
A 12 V car battery does 12 joules of work on every coulomb of charge it pushes through the starter motor — that energy comes from the chemical reaction inside the battery cells.
Exam Focus
Distinguish between potential difference (across a component) and EMF (supplied by a source) — mixing these up is a common error in circuit questions.
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