26 terms in 2C
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
After 1531, Lutheranism spread across new regions and social groups. Luther and his colleague Melanchthon shaped its bel
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
Some reformers pushed far beyond Luther, rejecting infant baptism and demanding radical social change. The most dramatic
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
By 1531, Germany had split between Catholic and Lutheran rulers. Protestant princes formed a military alliance called th
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
In 1541, Catholic and Protestant leaders met at Regensburg to negotiate a religious settlement. They briefly agreed on o
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
John Calvin became the most influential Protestant reformer after Luther. His legal training, humanist education, and ti
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
Calvin ran Geneva as a strictly disciplined Protestant city, but faced real opposition. His execution of Servetus and hi
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
Calvin's version of Protestantism spread far beyond Geneva after the 1540s. It took root in France, Scotland, the Nether
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
Germany's religious conflict ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty let each German prince choose Catholi
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
From the 1530s, a series of popes took active steps to reform and defend the Catholic Church from within. They commissio
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
The Catholic Church fought back against the Reformation by creating new religious orders. The most powerful was the Jesu
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
The Council of Trent was a series of major Catholic Church meetings held between 1545 and 1563. Church leaders used it t
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
By 1564, the Reformation had permanently changed Europe. Monarchs, priests, and ordinary people all responded differentl
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
Reformation Europe, 1531–1564
By 1531, the Reformation — the movement to challenge and reform the Catholic Church — had taken root, and this subtopic
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Around 1500, the Catholic Church held enormous power over governments, laws, and everyday life across Europe. It was not
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
The Catholic Church taught that priests and specific rituals controlled access to salvation — the promise of heaven afte
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
By 1500, educated Europeans and ordinary people were openly criticising the Catholic Church for corruption and greed. Sc
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
The Church raised money through taxes and the sale of indulgences — payments that promised to reduce a soul's time in pu
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
The Holy Roman Empire was a large, loosely governed collection of German territories. Power was shared between the emper
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Martin Luther was a German monk whose upbringing and religious crisis drove him to challenge the Catholic Church. In 151
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Luther developed his religious ideas through public debates and written pamphlets. The printing press spread those ideas
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
In 1521, the Church expelled Luther and the Emperor ordered him to recant. A powerful German prince named Frederick the
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Some reformers pushed far beyond Luther's ideas, demanding immediate and dramatic change. Luther rejected these radicals
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Luther, Melanchthon, and Zwingli each built a distinct set of Protestant beliefs to replace Catholic teaching. Their ide
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Between 1522 and 1525, two violent uprisings shook the Holy Roman Empire. Luther's ideas inspired both revolts, but he p
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
Ulrich Zwingli led a separate Reformation in Switzerland, independent of Luther. Religious divisions there sparked two w
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
the origins of the Reformation, c1500–1531
By 1500, the Catholic Church dominated every aspect of life in Europe — spiritually, politically, and financially — but
The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564