The outbreak of war in the Balkans and the July Crisis: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's response to the assassination in Sarajevo; Russia's response to Austria-Hungary's demands on Serbia; the bombardment of Belgrade
The July Crisis was the five-week chain of ultimatums and decisions that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Each Great Power's choices pushed a regional murder into a continental war.
Real World
Germany's 'blank cheque' to Austria-Hungary on 5–6 July 1914 — an unconditional promise of support — removed the last brake on Austrian aggression and transformed a regional crisis into a world war within six weeks.
Exam Focus
For 'how far' questions on responsibility, weigh the blank cheque alongside Russian mobilisation — avoid single-cause explanations to reach Level 4.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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