Challenges to the peace settlement: the consequences of the USA's return to isolationism and the League of Nations; the responses to the post-war settlement in France, Britain and Germany
The 1919 peace settlement faced immediate challenges. America withdrew from world affairs, and France, Britain, and Germany each reacted to the settlement in very different — and often conflicting — ways.
Real World
The US Senate voted twice — in November 1919 and March 1920 — to reject the Treaty of Versailles, meaning America never joined the League of Nations, leaving Britain and France as its only major guarantors despite their own exhaustion and conflicting interests.
Exam Focus
When assessing why the League was weak, don't just say the USA 'didn't join' — explain that the Senate blocked Wilson specifically because of Article X's collective security commitment.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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