Relations with indigenous peoples; challenges to British rule; Sudan; causes and consequences of Boer War
Britain faced violent resistance from local peoples across its empire. The Sudan campaign and the Boer War were two major conflicts that tested British power and changed how the empire operated.
Real World
At the Battle of Omdurman (1898), Kitchener's forces killed around 10,000 Sudanese Mahdist warriors while suffering fewer than 50 British deaths — a disparity that shocked even war correspondents like the young Winston Churchill.
Exam Focus
When analysing the Boer War, always link consequences (concentration camps, international criticism) back to long-term damage to imperial prestige.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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