Trade and commerce; the chartered companies
Britain built its empire partly through trade. Private companies received royal charters — official licences — giving them the power to govern and profit from territories abroad.
Real World
The British East India Company held a royal charter granting it a monopoly on trade with Asia; by the 1800s it governed vast territories in India, raised its own armies, and collected taxes — operating more like a state than a business.
Exam Focus
When asked to 'explain' chartered companies, always link commercial motive to political power — examiners reward this connection explicitly.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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