Consolidation of the Republic: Scotland and Dunbar; campaigns in Ireland; Charles II and Worcester
After executing Charles I in 1649, the new English Republic faced armed threats from Scotland and Ireland. Cromwell crushed these threats through three military campaigns, securing the Republic's survival.
Real World
After the 1917 Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks faced immediate military threats from royalist 'White Army' forces backed by foreign powers — mirroring how the English Republic faced royalist resistance from Scotland and Ireland the moment Charles I was executed.
Exam Focus
Name all three campaigns (Ireland, Dunbar, Worcester) with dates; vague references to 'Cromwell's military success' will not score analysis marks.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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