Air quality: particulate and photo-chemical pollution; pollution reduction policies
Cities produce two main types of air pollution: tiny solid particles from burning fuels, and toxic gases formed when sunlight reacts with vehicle exhaust. Governments use laws, charges, and technology to reduce both.
Real World
London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), expanded in 2023 to cover all 32 boroughs, charges older diesel vehicles daily to reduce PM2.5 and NO₂ levels, with early data showing measurable improvements in roadside air quality.
Exam Focus
For pollution reduction policies, always evaluate effectiveness — state what the policy reduces and identify one limitation or unintended consequence.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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