Impact of urban forms and processes on local climate and weather
Cities change the local climate around them. The physical shape of buildings, road surfaces, and human activities like burning fuel all alter temperature, rainfall, wind, and air quality.
Real World
London's urban heat island effect means central London can be 5–9°C warmer than the surrounding countryside on calm, clear nights — a measurable consequence of dense concrete, waste heat from traffic, and reduced green cover.
Exam Focus
Always quantify the urban heat island effect with a temperature figure in exam answers; data-free explanations rarely reach the highest mark bands.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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