Systems concepts applied to glaciated landscapes: inputs, outputs, energy, stores/components, flows/transfers, positive/negative feedback, dynamic equilibrium
A glacier works as a system — snow and ice enter as inputs, move through the glacier as transfers, and leave as meltwater outputs. The balance between inputs and outputs controls whether the glacier grows, shrinks, or stays the same size.
Real World
The Mer de Glace glacier in the French Alps has retreated over 2 km since 1900; reduced snowfall (lower inputs) combined with warmer summers (higher ablation outputs) has tipped it out of dynamic equilibrium into a persistent negative mass balance.
Exam Focus
Use systems terminology precisely — 'positive feedback' means amplifying, not beneficial; examiners penalise students who confuse the two.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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