The emergence and developing role of norms, laws and institutions in regulating and reproducing global systems
Countries and organisations have created shared rules and bodies to manage how the world works together. These rules and institutions shape global trade, security, and the environment.
Real World
The WTO's TRIPS agreement (1994) forced developing countries to honour pharmaceutical patents, preventing India from producing cheap generic HIV drugs — demonstrating how global norms can protect corporate interests over human welfare.
Exam Focus
Distinguish between norms (informal expectations), laws (binding treaties), and institutions (enforcement bodies) — examiners reward precise use of these terms.
Essay Framework
Use PEEL to structure every paragraph. Tap each step for guidance and an example.
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