Integrated Pest Management
Combining biological, cultural, and chemical pest control methods to minimize pesticide use while maintaining crop productivity.
Real World
In Indonesia, the government's national IPM programme trained over 1 million rice farmers to monitor pest thresholds and use natural predators, reducing pesticide use by 65% while keeping yields stable through the 1990s and 2000s.
Exam Focus
When 'justify' IPM as sustainable, quantify pesticide reduction and link to named ecological and economic benefits — vague claims lose marks.
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