Antarctica Protection
Legal and environmental frameworks protecting Antarctic ecosystems and regulating human activities in this unique region.
Real World
The 1991 Madrid Protocol banned all mineral mining in Antarctica for at least 50 years, preventing oil companies from exploiting reserves estimated at 200 billion barrels beneath the ice sheet.
Exam Focus
Distinguish the 1961 Antarctic Treaty (demilitarisation) from the 1991 Environmental Protocol (environmental protection) — examiners penalise conflating the two.
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