Normal Tables
Tables providing cumulative probabilities P(Z ≤ z) for the standard normal distribution, typically showing P(Z ≤ z) for z-values from 0 to 4 with accuracy to 2 or 3 decimal places.
Real World
Insurance actuaries at firms like Aviva use normal tables daily to find the probability that claims exceed a threshold, determining how much capital reserves the company must hold to stay solvent 99.7% of the time.
Exam Focus
For P(X < a) where a < μ, convert to z, then use 1 − Φ(|z|) — forgetting this symmetry step is the most common error.
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