Replication
Replication means applying each treatment to multiple independent experimental units rather than just once. This allows estimation of random variation and provides more reliable conclusions about treatment effects. True replication involves multiple independent experimental units, distinct from repeated measurements on the same unit.
Real World
When Dyson tests a new motor design, engineers run dozens of independent units through stress tests rather than testing one motor repeatedly, so they can estimate how much performance naturally varies between individual motors.
Exam Focus
Explain that replication estimates experimental error — simply saying 'makes results more reliable' is too vague for full marks.
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