Replication in Experimental Design
Replication means each treatment is applied to multiple experimental units, not just one. Replication provides: (1) sample size for valid significance tests, (2) ability to estimate error variability, (3) resistance to anomalous results.
Real World
Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine trial enrolled over 43,000 participants across multiple sites, with thousands receiving each treatment, so that a single unusual reaction wouldn't distort the overall efficacy estimate.
Exam Focus
State that replication allows estimation of experimental error and increases power to detect real treatment differences.
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