ANOVA
One-way ANOVA tests H₀: μ₁ = μ₂ = ... = μₖ by calculating F = MS_between / MS_within, where MS_between and MS_within are mean squares. F follows an F-distribution with df_between = k - 1 and df_within = N - k, where N is total sample size and k is number of groups.
Real World
Researchers at the NHS used one-way ANOVA to compare mean recovery times across three treatment groups for a new physiotherapy protocol, testing whether any group differed significantly from the others.
Exam Focus
Always state H₀ in terms of population means (μ₁ = μ₂ = μ₃) and quote the F-statistic and critical value when concluding.
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