159 terms
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
The process of developing a specific, focused question that guides historical investigation. A good research question is
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
Original source material created during the period under investigation. Primary sources include documents, artefacts, im
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
Historical analyses, interpretations, and explanations written by historians or scholars after the period under study. S
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
The process of critically assessing primary or secondary sources to evaluate their reliability, perspective, and usefuln
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
Disagreement among historians about the interpretation of historical events, causes, or effects. Historiographical debat
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
Clusters of historians sharing similar theoretical frameworks, methodologies, or perspectives on history. Schools of tho
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
The practice of citing sources using standardised formats that allow readers to locate sources consulted. Academic refer
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
A list of all sources cited in coursework, formatted according to academic conventions. A bibliography demonstrates the
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
Historical writing that prioritises analysis and argument over narrative. Sustained analytical writing continually expla
Coursework
Coursework: Research Question Formulation
The process of conducting coursework as independent historical investigation, selecting topics, formulating research que
Coursework
Paper 1: Printing Press
The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, used movable metal type to print books mechanically. Thi
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Literacy refers to the ability to read and write. Education involves formal or informal instruction. The expansion of li
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between social positions, either upward (improving statu
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Economic development involves growth in production capacity, trade volume, wealth creation, and living standards. It inc
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Agricultural change refers to transformations in farming practices, technology, organization, and productivity. Major pe
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Trade and commerce involve the exchange of goods, services, and resources. Development of trade networks created interde
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
The Industrial Revolution was the transformation from agricultural and handicraft-based economies to machine and factory
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Urbanization is the process of city growth and the shift of populations from rural to urban areas. It accelerated during
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Labor and protest movements involve workers organizing collectively to demand better conditions, wages, and rights. Thes
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Suffrage is the right to vote. Democratic development involves extension of voting rights from restricted groups (male p
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Women's rights movements sought equality in voting (suffrage), property ownership, divorce, education, employment, and p
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Political rights include voting, holding office, free speech, free association, and participation in political decision-
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
The Enlightenment was eighteenth-century intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individual rights, scientific met
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
The Scientific Revolution was the sixteenth to seventeenth-century transformation in natural philosophy (science) involv
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Technological change involves development and adoption of new tools, methods, and knowledge. Throughout history, major t
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Colonialism involved European powers establishing settlements, trading posts, and administrative control over overseas t
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Social change involves transformations in social structures, relationships, and institutions. It can be intentional (ref
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Religion and society are intimately connected. Religious beliefs influence social values; religious institutions provide
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Nationalism is identification with a nation-state and belief in its importance. Modern nationalism emerged with the nati
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Revolution involves rapid, fundamental transformation of political and social systems, often through violence. Radicalis
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Socialism is an ideology emphasizing collective or public ownership of economic resources. Marxism is a specific sociali
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
The welfare state is a system where government takes responsibility for citizens' welfare through provision of healthcar
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
War and conflict involve organized violence between political units (tribes, states, nations). Wars have shaped history
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Cultural change involves transformations in how people create, express, and think about meaning. It includes changes in
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Intellectual history examines how people understand the world—their ideas, philosophies, and mental frameworks. It trace
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Decolonization was the process in the mid-twentieth century by which colonized nations achieved independence from Europe
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
The Cold War was the geopolitical conflict between the United States and Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991. Though not a ho
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 1: Printing Press
Post-colonial development refers to the challenges faced by newly independent nations in building economies, establishin
Paper 1: Breadth Study with Interpretations
Paper 2: Feudalism
Feudalism was a medieval political and social system centered on relationships of land tenure and obligation. Kings gran
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Norman Conquest refers to William of Normandy's military victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and his subsequen
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Domesday Book was a systematic record of land, livestock, and resources across England compiled in 1086 by order of
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Church-state relations refer to the relationship between ecclesiastical (Church) authority and secular (political) autho
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Medieval kingship involved exercising authority over territory and subjects through feudal relationships, religious auth
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Medieval social hierarchy organized society into distinct orders or estates: those who pray (clergy), those who fight (n
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Knight service was the obligation of knights to provide military service to their feudal lord, typically for forty days
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Reformation was a sixteenth-century movement that challenged the authority and practices of the Catholic Church and
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The English Reformation was the process by which the Church in England separated from Roman Catholic authority under Hen
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Dissolution of the Monasteries was Henry VIII's campaign to close monasteries and take their lands and wealth for th
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Tudor governance involved developing efficient centralized administration through loyal servants (not necessarily high n
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Religious authority refers to the power to determine what people should believe and how they should practice their faith
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Tudor religious policy changed significantly across the century: Henry VIII established royal supremacy and Protestant e
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Parliament and monarchy developed an evolving relationship: Parliament began as an advisory body to the king, gradually
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Henry VIII was the English king who broke from the Catholic Church to marry Anne Boleyn, established the Church of Engla
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch who established a moderate Protestant settlement (the Elizabethan Religious Settl
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Elizabethan stability refers to the period of relative peace and prosperity England experienced under Elizabeth I's rule
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Parliamentary sovereignty is the principle that parliament holds supreme authority in government, above the monarchy. Th
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Magna Carta was a document forced upon King John in 1215 by rebellious barons, establishing that the king was subject to
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The English Civil War was a conflict between King Charles I and Parliament (1642-1651) that fundamentally challenged the
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Constitutional development in England involved gradual establishment of governing principles: parliamentary legislative
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Absolutism is a system of government where the monarch holds supreme power, is not limited by law or constitutions, and
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Stuart politics involved the conflicts between Stuart monarchs and Parliament over religious authority, taxation, and po
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 involved Parliament removing the Catholic King James II and inviting Protestant William
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Rule of law is the principle that government operates according to established law, not arbitrary will, and that all peo
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Baronial Revolt of 1215 was the rebellion of English barons against King John's arbitrary rule, expensive wars, and
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
The Peasant Revolt of 1381 was an uprising of English peasants and urban workers protesting serfdom, the poll tax, and s
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 2: Feudalism
Serfdom was the status of peasants legally bound to manorial lands, unable to leave or claim personal freedom. Serfs owe
Paper 2: Depth Study
Paper 3: Total War
A type of warfare in which combatants mobilise all available resources—economic, industrial, and human—to achieve milita
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Warfare dependent on industrial capacity to produce weapons, ammunition, and equipment in vast quantities. It combines t
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Irregular military tactics employed by non-state actors, resistance movements, or weaker forces against conventional arm
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A nation's military capability at sea, which determines its ability to protect trade, project power globally, defend ter
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Warfare capability provided by aircraft and air forces. Air power transformed military strategy by enabling attacks on d
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The domestic sphere of a nation during wartime, encompassing civilian populations, industrial production, food supplies,
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Systematic production and dissemination of selected information, images, and messages designed to shape public opinion,
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Innovations in weapons, communications, transport, and military equipment that alter military tactics, strategy, and out
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The extension of a nation's authority or influence over other territories and peoples, typically justified by ideologica
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The process and practice of establishing political control over foreign territories and populations. Colonialism often i
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
An economic principle advocating minimal government restrictions on international commerce. Free trade allows goods to m
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The movement to end slavery through legal prohibition. Abolitionism combined moral arguments about human rights with eco
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The period of direct British rule over India from 1858 until independence in 1947. The British Raj represented one of th
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The period of intensive European colonisation of Africa, roughly 1875-1914, during which African territories were claime
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The forced labour of human beings treated as property, without rights or freedom. The transatlantic slave trade forcibly
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The period of political, social, and economic reorganisation of the American South following the Civil War (1865-1877).
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
State and local laws in the American South and elsewhere that enforced racial segregation, maintaining the legal subordi
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 as the primary African American civil ri
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The broad social and political movement from approximately 1950-1968 that challenged racial discrimination and segregati
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The legal and social process of ending racial segregation in schools, transport, and public accommodations. Desegregatio
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A movement emphasising African American self-determination, cultural pride, and militant resistance to racism. Black Pow
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The democratic republic established in Germany after World War I (1919-1933), named after the city where its constitutio
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The process by which the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler moved from marginal extremism to control of the German government
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A system of authoritarian government that seeks to control all aspects of public and private life through a single polit
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The process of dismantling Nazi institutions, removing Nazi officials from power, prosecuting Nazi leaders for crimes, a
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The barrier erected by East Germany in 1961 that divided Berlin into communist and capitalist zones. The Wall prevented
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The communist revolution led by Lenin and the Bolshevik party in Russia in October 1917, which overthrew the Tsarist emp
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The totalitarian form of communism developed by Stalin, combining rapid industrialisation, collective agriculture, centr
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The process of consolidating individual farms into collectively-owned and state-managed agricultural units. Stalin's col
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The economic and social transformation from agrarian societies based on farming to industrial societies based on manufac
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A Soviet policy under Mikhail Gorbachev meaning 'openness,' involving increased freedom of speech, press freedom, and pu
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A Soviet policy meaning 'restructuring,' implemented by Mikhail Gorbachev to reform the communist economic and political
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A US geopolitical strategy during the Cold War aimed at preventing Soviet communist expansion without direct superpower
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
A French term meaning 'relaxation,' referring to the period of reduced Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
Organised opposition by colonised or occupied peoples against imperial domination. Resistance movements employed diverse
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Paper 3: Total War
The process of ending colonial rule and establishing independent nations. Decolonisation occurred primarily between 1945
Paper 3: Themes in Breadth with Aspects in Depth
Skills: Causation
Causation refers to the reasons, causes, and factors that led to a historical event or change. It involves identifying b
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Consequence refers to the effects and outcomes of historical events, decisions, or changes. Consequences can be immediat
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Change and continuity analysis involves identifying which aspects of society transformed and which persisted across a hi
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Historical significance involves evaluating the importance of events, individuals, or developments in shaping historical
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Turning points are critical moments when the direction of historical development changed fundamentally. They represent p
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Historical interpretations are the different ways historians understand and explain the past. Interpretations vary based
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Historiography is the study of historical writing itself—how historians have interpreted events, what sources they used,
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Source analysis involves critically examining primary sources (documents, artifacts, oral accounts created in or about t
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Provenance refers to the origin, creator, and history of a source. Understanding provenance helps historians assess how
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Nature (what is the source: letter, statute, chronicle?), origin (who created it and when?), and purpose (why was it cre
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Utility refers to how valuable a source is as evidence for answering historical questions. A source can be biased, incom
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Reliability refers to the accuracy and trustworthiness of a source. Bias refers to the tendency to present information f
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Typicality refers to whether a source represents common, average, or typical attitudes and experiences, or whether it re
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Evidence evaluation involves critically assessing sources and other historical information to judge their strength, limi
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Cross-referencing involves comparing multiple sources to identify agreements, contradictions, and gaps in evidence. This
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Contemporary sources are created during or close to the time of events studied. Retrospective sources are created later
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Historical context is the background of events, attitudes, and conditions that shaped historical developments. Understan
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Periodisation involves dividing the past into named periods to organize historical understanding and identify patterns o
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Long-term factors develop over extended periods and create underlying conditions for change. Short-term factors appear i
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Argument construction involves developing a clear position on a historical question and supporting it with evidence and
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Sustained judgement means developing a clear historical judgment and maintaining it throughout an answer while engaging
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Synoptic assessment involves drawing together knowledge from different areas of study to address questions that span mul
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
These phrases, common in A-level questions, require graduated judgment rather than absolute answers. They ask historians
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
'Assess' requires making judgment about significance, value, accuracy, or importance of historical claims, people, event
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
'Evaluate' requires examining evidence, arguments, or interpretations to judge their value, validity, strengths, and wea
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Historical debates are ongoing disagreements between historians about interpretation of past events, causes, significanc
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Representativeness refers to whether a source or example is typical of its period or exceptional. Understanding represen
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Counter-arguments are alternative interpretations or opposing views presented within a historical argument. Including co
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A causative chain shows how one event leads to another, which leads to another, eventually producing a significant outco
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Counter-argument integration involves presenting alternative interpretations within your historical argument in a way th
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Empathy in history means understanding why historical actors made the choices they did, given their time period's circum
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Anachronism is interpreting the past using present-day values, concepts, or knowledge that wouldn't have existed or made
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Value neutrality refers to historians' effort to understand the past on its own terms, avoiding imposing their personal
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A form of government in which power is vested in the people through voting and representation. Democratic systems includ
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A system of government in which a single person holds absolute or nearly absolute power. Autocracies may be monarchies (
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A system of government in which a monarch (king or queen) is the head of state but powers are limited by a constitution
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The right to vote in political elections. Suffrage expands democracy by allowing more people to participate in governmen
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The system of democratic government in which elected representatives make decisions on behalf of constituents. Represent
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The process of freeing enslaved people or other oppressed groups from legal subordination. Emancipation grants legal fre
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
An economic system based on private ownership of productive resources, market exchange, and profit motive. Capitalism re
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
An ideology advocating collective ownership of productive resources and equal distribution of wealth. Socialism critique
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
An ideology and political system based on collective ownership of productive resources and elimination of class distinct
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A political ideology emphasising extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership ('leadership principle'), militarism, and
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The process of population movement from rural to urban areas and the growth of cities. Urbanisation typically accompanie
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Government action to address social problems and improve conditions for ordinary people. Social reform typically address
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Government suppression of information, publications, or expression deemed harmful, immoral, or threatening to state inte
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Fundamental individual freedoms including freedom of speech, religion, association, and protection from arbitrary govern
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The practice of negotiating between nations to establish agreements, resolve disputes, and conduct international relatio
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The deliberate attempt to destroy an entire ethnic, national, religious, or racial group through killing or measures des
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Rights considered universal and inherent to all humans regardless of status. Human rights include freedom from slavery,
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Rules and conventions agreed by nations governing interstate relations. International law includes treaties, customs, an
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Deaths of non-combatants (civilians) during warfare. Modern warfare increasingly targets civilian areas and infrastructu
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
Source material that historians use to construct arguments about the past. Evidence includes primary sources (documents,
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A historian's explanation of the meaning, significance, and causation of historical events. Interpretations are created
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The process of examining historical events and sources systematically, breaking them into components, examining relation
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
A historian's main claim or thesis about a historical topic, which is supported by evidence and analysis throughout thei
Historical Skills and Concepts
Skills: Causation
The historical circumstances, conditions, and prior events that provide background and understanding for interpreting sp
Historical Skills and Concepts