Stacks and Stumps
Sea stacks are isolated rock towers formed from headlands by progressive erosion through cave and arch development, while stumps are submerged stacks visible only at low tide. Both represent advanced erosional forms of coastal features.
Real World
Old Harry Rocks on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, illustrate the stack-to-stump sequence: Old Harry is a standing chalk stack, while a nearby submerged stump marks where an earlier stack once stood.
Exam Focus
List the erosional stages in sequence — cave, arch, stack, stump — examiners expect a clear developmental progression in 'explain' answers.
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