Hard Engineering (Coastal)
Engineering-based coastal protection approaches using constructed barriers and structures to defend against erosion and flooding through wave energy modification.
Real World
The £63 million curved seawall built at Blackpool in 2010 deflects wave energy upward rather than allowing overtopping, but groynes further south starved Lytham St Annes of sediment, accelerating erosion there.
Exam Focus
For 'evaluate' questions, always discuss unintended consequences like terminal groyne syndrome and sediment starvation downdrift.
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