Seismic Hazards
Seismic hazards are earthquake-related dangers that pose risks to human populations. Primary seismic hazards include ground shaking and ground displacement along faults. Secondary seismic hazards include landslides, liquefaction, and tsunami triggered by submarine earthquakes.
Real World
The 2011 Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand caused severe liquefaction across eastern suburbs, with sand and silt erupting through streets and gardens, destroying over 10,000 homes built on soft river sediments.
Exam Focus
Distinguish primary hazards (ground shaking, displacement) from secondary hazards (liquefaction, tsunami) — examiners reward precise classification.
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