76 terms in Paper 2
Paper 2, Assessment Objectives: Assessment Objective 1 (AO1)
AO1 assesses students' ability to apply appropriate methods of language analysis using associated terminology with coher
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Paper 2, Assessment Objectives: Assessment Objective 1 (AO1)
AO2 assesses students' critical understanding of concepts and issues relevant to language use, including how language re
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Paper 2, Assessment Objectives: Assessment Objective 1 (AO1)
AO3 assesses students' ability to analyse and evaluate how contextual factors (audience, purpose, medium, social context
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Paper 2, Assessment Objectives: Assessment Objective 1 (AO1)
AO4 assesses students' ability to explore connections across texts informed by linguistic concepts and methods, demonstr
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Child Language Development is the systematic study of how children acquire linguistic competence across phonological, le
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Lexical development encompasses the acquisition of vocabulary items and their semantic representations, including both r
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
The nature vs nurture debate in language acquisition concerns whether children have innate linguistic capacity (Universa
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Social interactionism proposes that language acquisition is fundamentally social, developing through interaction between
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Cognitive development theory proposes that language acquisition depends on the development of underlying cognitive capac
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Motherese (also called child-directed speech or CDS) is the modified speech register adults spontaneously adopt when com
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Over-regularization is a grammatical error in which children apply productive morphological rules to words that form irr
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Paper 2, Child Language Development: Child Language Development
Written language development encompasses the acquisition of reading and writing abilities, from emergent literacy throug
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
First words are the initial meaningful utterances that children produce, typically appearing around 12 months of age. Fi
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Vocabulary development refers to the gradual acquisition and expansion of words a child understands (receptive vocabular
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Grammatical development refers to children's acquisition of the morphological and syntactic structures of their language
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Overregularization is a feature of grammatical development in which children apply productive morphological rules to irr
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Phonological development refers to children's gradual acquisition of the sounds, sound distinctions, and pronunciation p
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Semantic development refers to children's gradual acquisition of word meanings and understanding of how language conveys
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Pragmatic development refers to children's gradually improving ability to use language as a social tool to achieve commu
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Overextension (or overgeneralization) is a pattern in early semantic development in which children apply a word to a bro
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Paper 2, Child Language, Development: First Words
Underextension (or undergeneralization) is a pattern in early semantic development in which children restrict a word's a
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Paper 2, Child Language, Phonological Development: Phonetic Inventory
A child's phonetic inventory is the set of sounds they can produce, gradually expanding from early consonants and vowels
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Paper 2, Child Language, Phonological Development: Phonetic Inventory
Consonant cluster acquisition refers to children's gradual learning to produce and recognize sequences of consonants wit
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Paper 2, Child Language, Stages: Babbling
Babbling is an early stage of speech development in which infants produce repeated sequences of vowel and consonant soun
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Paper 2, Child Language, Stages: Babbling
The holophrastic or one-word stage is a developmental period in which children express complex meanings through single w
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Paper 2, Child Language, Stages: Babbling
The telegraphic stage is a period of early multi-word speech in which children combine content words (nouns, verbs, adje
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Paper 2, Child Language, Stages: Babbling
The post-telegraphic stage refers to language development after the telegraphic stage, in which children gradually acqui
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Skinner's behaviorist theory proposes that language acquisition occurs through operant conditioning: children imitate ad
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Innatism (Chomsky) proposes that children possess innate linguistic knowledge (Universal Grammar) that predisposes them
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Piaget's theory proposes that language development is linked to children's cognitive development. Language emerges as ch
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Bruner's theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and caregiver support in language development. Caregivers prov
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes that language development is inherently social and culturally embedded. Children develop la
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Universal Grammar (UG) is the hypothesis that all human languages share fundamental structural principles reflecting the
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's theory that there is a gap between what children can accomplish ind
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Aitchison's theory proposes that language acquisition involves cognitive processes of pattern recognition, categorizatio
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Paper 2, Child Language, Theories: Skinner's Behaviorism
Crystal's model provides detailed stage-based descriptions of language development from birth to age 8, examining phonol
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Paper 2, Child Language, Writing Development: Scribbling and Emergent Writing
Scribbling and emergent writing are early developmental stages in which children produce marks on paper, initially rando
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Paper 2, Child Language, Writing Development: Scribbling and Emergent Writing
Letter formation development involves children learning to produce recognizable letter shapes and understanding directio
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Paper 2, Child Language, Writing Development: Scribbling and Emergent Writing
Literacy acquisition refers to the developmental process through which children learn reading and writing skills, from e
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Turn-taking is the system by which speakers organize the distribution of talk in conversation, allocating who speaks whe
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances by different speakers where the first part (first pair part) creates a n
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Repair encompasses the mechanisms by which speakers address problems in speaking, comprehension, or hearing during conve
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Topic management involves the strategies speakers use to initiate new topics, develop and sustain existing topics, shift
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Face-threatening acts are utterances or actions that inherently damage either the speaker's or listener's face (public s
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Paper 2, Discourse Analysis: Turn-Taking
Discourse analysis encompasses approaches to examining language beyond sentence-level, including analysis of how texts a
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Paper 2, Language and Technology: Texting Language
Texting language (text speak, SMS language) refers to the modified written variety used in short message service (SMS) a
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Paper 2, Language and Technology: Texting Language
Social media discourse encompasses language use specific to social media platforms (Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, Facebook
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Paper 2, Language and Technology: Texting Language
Computer-mediated communication encompasses all language use through digital technologies. CMC removes non-verbal cues,
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Paper 2, Language Diversity and Change: Language and Power
Language and power examines how linguistic choices and structures reinforce or challenge existing power dynamics, includ
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Paper 2, Language Diversity and Change: Language and Power
Language and technology examines how communication technologies shape language use, including new linguistic forms (emot
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Paper 2, Language Diversity: Standard Language and Standardization
Standard language is the variety of a language established through social and institutional processes as the accepted fo
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Paper 2, Language Diversity: Standard Language and Standardization
Prestige refers to the social value and status attached to linguistic varieties. Prestige varieties are perceived as mor
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
Metaphor is a figure of speech where a word or phrase from one semantic domain is applied to another domain to create me
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
Collocation refers to the tendency of certain words to appear frequently together in language. Collocations are establis
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
Audience and purpose analysis involves identifying who a text is designed for and what it aims to achieve, then analyzin
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
A semantic field (also called lexical field or word field) is a set of words with related meanings that form a conceptua
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
Synonymy and antonymy are semantic relationships: synonyms share similar meanings while antonyms express opposite meanin
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Paper 2, Language Features: Metaphor in Language
Multimodal communication integrates language with other modes: visual images, layout, color, typography, sound, and gest
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
Robin Lakoff is a prominent sociolinguist whose 1975 work 'Language and Woman's Place' proposed that women and men use l
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
Deborah Tannen is a prominent sociolinguist whose work focuses on conversational style and how differences in socializat
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
Peter Trudgill is a sociolinguist whose research examines language variation and dialectology, particularly the relation
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
William Labov is a foundational sociolinguist whose quantitative methods and research on language variation and change h
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
Basil Bernstein was a sociologist of education whose concept of restricted and elaborated codes proposed that different
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Paper 2, Language Theories: Robin Lakoff
Norman Fairclough is a linguist who developed critical discourse analysis (CDA), an approach examining how language is i
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Paper 2, Spoken Language Features: Fillers
Fillers (also called filled pauses or hesitation markers) are vocal pauses or words inserted into spontaneous speech, ty
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Paper 2, Spoken Language Features: Fillers
False starts (also called self-repairs or restarts) are utterances where a speaker begins speaking, stops, and initiates
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Paper 2, Spoken Language Features: Fillers
Overlaps occur when speakers' talk overlaps temporally, resulting in simultaneous speech. They range from supportive res
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Paper 2, Spoken Language Features: Fillers
Backchannelling (also called backchannels or listener responses) refers to brief listener utterances that occur during a
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Paper 2, Spoken Language Features: Fillers
Prosody encompasses the suprasegmental features of speech: pitch (frequency of voice), intonation (pitch patterns across
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Paper 2, Written Language Features: Graphological Features
Graphology refers to the visual and physical properties of written text. These features contribute to how texts are read
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Paper 2, Written Language Features: Graphological Features
Cohesion refers to the linguistic mechanisms that create connections between clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, making
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Paper 2, Written Language Features: Graphological Features
Text types are categories of texts defined by their communicative purpose, typical structure, and characteristic languag
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