Collective Bargaining
Negotiation between employer and employee representatives (unions) regarding wages, conditions, benefits.
Real World
In 2022, Royal Mail workers represented by the CWU union engaged in collective bargaining over pay, ultimately leading to strike action when negotiations failed to produce an agreement both parties accepted.
Exam Focus
Distinguish collective bargaining (process) from a collective agreement (outcome) — examiners penalise conflation of the two.
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